36 PROF. OWEN ON THE ANATOMY OF THE INDIAN RHINOCEROS. 
But, besides its attachment to subcutaneous cellular tissue, fasciz, elastic tissue, 
fibro-cartilages and periosteum, the hide is connected with parts which are destined for 
its motions and adjustment upon the body. So far from the panniculus carnosus being 
absent, it is developed in certain parts to an extraordinary thickness; and it became 
obvious, on contemplating these muscles, that one use of the permanent folds in the 
hide of this thick-skinned species of Rhinoceros, is to afford, like the processes of bones, 
a firmer insertion to the aponeuroses of the cutaneous muscles than a plane surface of 
integument could possibly have done. A sheet of panniculus carnosus situated on each 
side of the thoracic or scapular region sends its fascia into the interstice of the fold in 
front of the anterior extremities, the skin being bent upon itself, as it were, to grasp 
this fascia. Similar portions of panniculus carnosus send their aponeuroses into the 
posterior folds of the skin. But the most remarkable portions of the cutaneous muscu- 
lar system are two, which arise, broad and thick, one on each side of the anterior part 
of the abdomen from the superficial fascia covering that part, and, passing backwards, 
terminate in aponeurotic sheets which are inserted into the fasciz covering the patellz 
and knee-joint. As the patelle are higher than the abdomen, in the erect position of 
the animal, the preceding muscles would seem to be developed chiefly to afford additional 
support to the bulky abdomen, the weight of which is thus in part transferred imme- 
diately to the hinder extremities ; and these the muscles in question must also tend to 
draw forwards during progressive motion. 
The dense but highly elastic ‘ fascia superficialis ’, spread over the peripheral surface 
of the abdominal muscles upon their pubic and hypochondrial regions, increases in 
thickness as it passes over the abdominal rings, and invests the spermatic chord with a 
thick sheath, which becomes thinner where it expands upon the ‘ tunica vaginalis testis.’ 
Each testis was situated out of the abdomen, but pretty close to the external abdominal 
ring, without, however, causing any protuberance in the thick integument: and there 
is no scrotum or outward indication of the essential glands of the male organs. 
In the female the superficial fascia covering the external abdominal rings descended 
upon and surrounded the mammary glands ; which occupy a corresponding position to 
that of the testes in the male’. On the internal or central surface of the mammary 
glands was situated a plexus of large veins: the arteries supplying them were a branch 
from the superficial femoral and branches of an artery answering to the cremasteric 
artery in the male, which passed with the ‘ ligamentum teres uteri’ through each abdo- 
minal ring. 
The sole of each foot was occupied by a thick cushion of elastic tissue, not adipose 
chiefly, as in Man, but of a whiter, gelatinous and ligamentous texture, resembling 
the morbid tissue called ‘albuminous carcinoma.’ The difference between the thick 
epidermal layer covering the sole, and that sheathing the fore part of each of the three 
" This correspondence is accompanied by a similarity in the development and functions of the cremaster 
muscle in the two sexes of the Marsupial quadrupeds. 
