84 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 
establish the rule, and show the absence of frontal sinuses to be characteristic of those 
Papuan A&thiopians'. In the African Negros whose skulls I have examined by section, 
the frontal sinuses are developed. 
It may be worthy of inquiry and observation whether the voice of the Australian 
Papuans is more harsh and guttural, and has less of that clear resonance in ordinary 
conversation, which we may observe in most Europeans, in whom it depends upon the 
greater extent of the cavities for vibratory air, which communicate with the nasal pas- 
sages. The frontal sinuses are late in their development and subject to much variety 
in the European races : too much stress must not, therefore, be laid upon their absence 
in the Papuan aborigines of Australia, if even that absence should prove to be constant. 
Another well-marked difference between the Papuan and European, by which the former 
more nearly resembles the anthropoid Apes, is the larger premaxillary part of the upper 
jaw, and its more obliquely prominent position, as shown by the section at 22, Pl. XXX. 
In the skull of a young Orang Utan with the deciduous teeth (Pl. XXIX. fig. 2), 
the antero-posterior diameter of which is 5 inches 6 lines, that of the cranial cavity is 
3 inches 11 lines, the vertical diameter of the same cavity being 2 inches 10 lines. In 
this skull the nasal cavity equals little more than one-fourth that of the cranium, pre- 
senting almost the same proportions as in the adult Man. ‘The brain-chamber also 
swells out in front of the rhinencephalic fossa (rh), showing a certain change of position 
of this fossa in the progress of growth. The basisphenoid is as yet occupied only by 
cancellous structure, the sinuses not being developed. 
But the relative capacities of the cranial and olfactory chambers are not absolutely 
indicative of degrees of proximity to Man in the Mammalian class, or in the Quadru- 
manous order. Some of the smaller species of the South American Monkeys, as, for 
example, the Cuallithrix Pithecia, resemble the immature Orang in the predominating 
capacity of the cranial chamber. This is due to a retention, with the diminutive size 
of the whole body, of some other immature characters. The brain is relatively larger 
in proportion to the body than in the Chimpanzee and Orang, but it has a much less 
proportional amount of grey cerebral matter ; the surface of the hemispheres being as 
little convoluted in the full-grown Marmoset as in the half-developed fetus of a larger 
and higher species of Quadrumane. 
In the higher mammalian classes the brain rapidly acquires a certain bulk by an ac- 
celerated rate of growth. In all the Quadrumana, and doubtless in a much larger propor- 
tion of the Mammalian class, the brain, at that early stage of development, bears the same 
large proportion to the bulk of the embryo in all the species, notwithstanding the great 
' Since the above was in type, I have had the opportunity of examining, through the kindness of Dr. Acland, 
Lee’s Reader of Anatomy in the University of Oxford, the cranium of an Australian Papuan in the Museum 
which owes so much to his zealous and judicious superintendence. Although the place of the frontal sinuses 
was indicated, as in some of the previously examined specimens, by outward prominences, the sinuses had not 
been developed. 
