THE CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGS. 95 
The bodies of the succeeding cervical vertebre are longer in proportion to their 
breadth ; the basis of the neurapophysis ascends to embrace the hinder half of the 
antecedent vertebra, as in Man. The difference observable in the dentata in regard 
to the length of the spinous process is manifested in excess in the third cervical 
vertebra ; the neural canal also exceeds that of Man in diameter ; the zygapophyses are 
smaller than in Man; the arterial canal (v) is transversely elliptic, not circular; the 
transverse process is longer, more slender and more simple, the pleurapophysial (p) 
not projecting distinctly from the diapophysial (d) part; the diapophysis is more 
remote from the zygapophysis ; the neurapophyses are much thicker and stronger ; 
the long neural spine (3) becomes subcompressed and slightly dilated at its extremity, 
which is not bifurcate. 
The same general differences, and especially the very striking one in the length of the 
neural spine, are manifested in the fourth cervical vertebra (Pl. XX XIII. fig. 5), but the 
pleurapophysial part (pl) of the transverse process is now distinctly developed as a trian- 
gular depressed plate produced forwards and a little downwards ; the lower part of the 
centrum is proportionally less than in Man, and the smaller size of the zygapophysis is 
the more remarkable in contrast with the larger proportions of almost all the rest of the 
vertebrae. In the fifth cervical vertebra the centrum (c) is smaller, but the zygapophyses 
equal in size thoseof the corresponding vertebra in Man (fig. 12); the pleurapophysial 
part of the transverse process (/) is less developed than it is in the fourth, but is more 
prominent than in Man: the arterial canal (v) is wider, the anterior and posterior zygapo- 
physes are more nearly upon the same plane, and the neural arch (n) has a greater ante- 
roposterior extent; the superior thickness of the neurapophysis above these processes 
is very striking. In the sixth cervical (fig. 1, 6, & fig. 6) the arterial canal of the 
transverse process (v) increases in a greater degree than in Man (fig. 11) ; the pleurapo- 
physial part (pl) of that process is more suddenly increased in length and breadth, and it 
diverges more from the diapophysis (d) than in Man ; the zygapophyses (2’, fig. 1) are 
larger ; the neural spine (n s) is still very long and very strong, but is shorter than in the 
antecedent vertebra (fig. 5). The elongated spines of the last five cervical vertebra are 
a little expanded at their end [and this character is more marked in the skeleton of the 
old male in the Paris Museum]. 
The atlas of the great Orang (Pithecus Wurmbii, Pl. XXXIII. figs. 13, 14) departs in the 
same way from the Human type, but in a greater degree than that of the Gorilla; the 
transverse diameter being still less in proportion to the fore-and-aft diameter, and the 
transverse processes (d) being less developed: the neural arch (n) is more bowed and 
slender. The vertebral artery, after perforating the transverse process, slightly grooves 
the neural arch. The transverse extent of the bony bar (hypapophysis, hy) which holds 
the place of the centrum, in proportion to the antero-posterior extent of the whole ver- 
tebra, is greater than in Man: the flattened posterior articular processes (fig. 14, 2’) 
are subelliptic or reniform, not subcircular as in Man, and the vertebral foramina (v) 
