THE CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGS. 99 
pleurapophysial boundary for the canal for the vertebral artery is here much thinner 
than the diapophysial one. The short neural spine is simple. 
In the fifth cervical vertebra (fig. 7, 5, and fig. 12) the upper concavity of the body (c) 
is less deep than in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee ; its length is absolutely less; but it is 
greater in breadth and depth. The costal portion (pl) is now more developed than the 
diapophysial (d) and parapophysial (p) portions of the transverse process, and forms a 
short broad plate with the angles bent upwards. The zygapophyses are relatively larger 
than in the Gorilla and Chimpanzee: the antero-posterior extent of the neural arch (n) 
is less than in the Gorilla; its upper margin is sharper than in the Chimpanzee: the 
neural spine (ns) is much shorter than in the Gorilla, and is bifurcate. In a female 
Australian it is simple. 
In the sixth cervical vertebra (fig. 7, 6, and fig. 11) the Human characteristics are 
shown in the greater relative increase in the transverse diameter of the centrum (c), 
with the minor degree of the upper concavity and lower transverse convexity (c) 
of the centrum. The pleurapophysial part (pl) of the transverse process is more 
produced outwards in proportion to the diapophysial part (d) than in the preceding cer- 
vicals, and it is much less developed than in the Gorilla (fig. 1, 6, and fig. 6, pl). The 
arterial canal (v) is less than in the Gorilla (fig. 6, v). The zygapophyses continue to 
present their characteristic superiority of size; and the neural spine (ns), although here 
of greater length than in the fifth cervical, is vastly inferior in this respect to that in the 
Gorilla, Orang, or Chimpanzee. The upper border of the neural arch is sharper than 
in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee. 
In the seventh cervical vertebra (fig. 7, 7) the increase of breadth in the centrum, 
the increase of the vertical extent of the neural arch, and in the length and thickness 
of the neural spine, is greater in this vertebra, as compared with the sixth cervical, than 
in the Gorilla or Chimpanzee. The costal part of the transverse process, completing 
the arterial foramen, is thicker than in the Chimpanzee: the diapophysis (d) is shorter, 
but much thicker. 
In the skeleton of a Boschisman, as in that of the female Australian in the Museum of 
the Royal College of Surgeons, the spines of the five lower cervical vertebra are simple. 
In both the Human subject and the great Anthropoid Apes, the aspect of the articular 
surfaces of the zygapophyses are, in the upper pair, upwards and backwards, and the 
reverse in the lower ones. The metapophysial tuberosities (fig. 7, m) are better marked 
in the last three cervical vertebra of the Australian than in the Gorilla. 
The differences between the cervical vertebrz of the Australian and the Gorilla, which 
are prominently exemplified in the figures of Pl. XXXIII., especially in the contrast of the 
fifth cervical vertebra’ of the Gorilla (fig. 5) with that of Man (fig. 12), and of the sixth 
cervical vertebra (fig. 6) with fig. 11, gradually decrease as we pass from the first dorsal 
vertebra to the lower or succeeding ones. 
Dorsal Vertebre (P|. XXXIV.).—The dorsal vertebre (fig. 1), besides their increase of 
Q 2 
