THE CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGS. 109 
neurapophysis, and has not ascended upon the tubercle which represents the diapo- 
physis. 
The first lumbar vertebra. The anapophysis and metapophysis have subsided to 
tubercles, and the diapophysis is elongated by the extension of ossification into the 
fibro-cartilaginous basis of the pleurapophysis. In the Australian the metapophysis is 
relatively longer, the diapophysis smaller, and the tubercles on the back of the posterior 
zygapophyses are less developed. 
The third lumbar vertebra. The upper part of the neural arch has been, probably 
after fracture, moveably articulated with its piers or bases. The anapophyses are well 
developed. 
The fourth lumbar vertebra. That of the Australian differs in its much shorter 
diapophyses. 
The fifth lumbar vertebra. The shortened and much thickened diapophyses present 
an articular surface for the produced angles of the sacrum. 
The sacrum. It is larger and broader in proportion to its length than in the Austra- 
lian ; it is also more concave anteriorly. The neural arch is left open and incomplete 
in all the vertebra, whilst in the Australian the neural arch of each of the three an- 
terior sacral vertebre is completed and supports a spine. 
Vertebre of a male Dyak (Borneo) compared with those of a male Australian. 
The atlas. Compared with that of the Australian, the zygapophyses are smaller, 
the diapophyses are larger, and the sub-bifurcate neural spine is better deve- 
loped. The canals for the vertebral arteries are larger, and they perforate the neural 
arch as well as the transverse process. The neural arch is likewise perforated by the 
first spinal nerve. The characters of age are manifested by the irregular ossification 
extending from the periphery of the odontoid articular surface. 
The axis. The diapophyses here are smaller, the bifid spine longer, and the trans- 
verse processes more widely perforated and more produced, than in the Australian. 
The third cervical vertebra. This, also, repeats the differences of the smaller zyg- 
apophyses, the larger articular canals, and the more produced divisions of the bifid 
spine. 
The fifth cervical vertebra. The same differences are repeated in both these vertebree 
as compared with those of the Australian. 
The sixth cervical vertebra. The body is proportionally larger and the costal part 
of the transverse process more produced than in the Australian. As an individual 
peculiarity, the neural arch and spine are slightly distorted towards the right side, and 
the vertebral arterial canal of the same side is contracted and divided by a transverse 
bony bar. 
The seventh cefvical vertebra. Both transverse processes are perforated. All the 
