134 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE ANATOMY OF 
maxillary: it is a thin muscular layer, eight lines in breadth, inserted into the tendon 
of the retractor anguli oris, and partly continuous with a thicker layer of the same 
sphincter which passes round, beneath the mouth, closely connected with the skin of 
the lip, to the same tendon of the opposite side. A small oblique tendon is developed 
near where the fibres of the longitudinal muscle (dermolabialis anticus, s) blend with and 
are lost in the orbicularis oris. 
The accessorius ad orbiculurem oris (ib. r) arises from the maxillary behind the 
muscle it assists, and contracts as it descends and blends its fibres with the true orbi- 
cularis : it receives the insertion of the dermolabialis posticus. 
The buccinator (ib. u) is of unusual longitudinal extent, and consists of a thin layer 
of flattened fasciculi of vertical fibres arising from an aponeurosis attached to the tooth- 
less border of the upper jaw, and inserted at the outside of the similar border of the 
lower jaw. 
A small mass of labial glands, two inches in longitudinal extent and from two to 
three lines in breadth, rests upon the under and fore part of the buccinator and dips 
under the orbicularis oris. 
The levator auricule (ib. v, v') has an extent of origin from the epicranial fascia of 
nearly four inches. The most anterior fasciculus, v, comes off behind the eye and is a 
protractor: the posterior fasciculus, v', arises from the occiput and is a retractor: these 
with the intermediate fasciculi acting in succession would rotate the ear. Beneath the 
posterior fasciculus is a deeper-seated retractor of the ear inserted into the inferior and 
outer part of the auricular cartilage. 
The depressor auricule (ib. w) is a roundish, slender muscle, which arises from the 
angle of the jaw, penetrates the parotid gland, and is inserted into the lower part of the 
cartilage of the ear. 
Cuvier and Duvernoy long ago pointed out that the protraction and retraction of the 
tongue of the Anteaters and Echidna were not due to any peculiar conformation of the 
hyoid bone and muscles, but to another mechanism answering the same end. Those 
distinguished anatomists seem, however, not to have noticed to what an extent the base 
of the tongue is removed from the basihyal, nor to have recognized the share which the 
genioglossus takes in the formation of the tongue itself. ‘The hyoid in the Myrme- 
cophage (the species is not noted) is placed very far back, and as a consequence, the 
base of the tongue is placed equally far back, although it is not, so to speak, attached 
to the hyoid bone. It seems to be composed exclusively of the sternoglossi and of an 
annular muscle’.” ’ 
The gular fasciculi of the genioglossus are recognized as ‘ geniobuccales,’ and are 
described as ‘‘ diverging upon the sides of the base of the tongue, beyond which they 
1 « Tos hyoide étoit placé trés en arriére; il en résulte que la base de la langue est également trés en arriére, 
quoique celle-ci ne tienne pas, pour ainsi dire, 4 l’os hyoide.”—* Elle ne semble composée que des sternoglosses 
et d’un muscle annulaire.”—Lecons d’Anatomie Comparée, tom. iii, 1799, p. 265. 
