THE CHIMPANZEES AND ORANGS. 173 
viduals of the great Orangs (Pith. Satyrus) before they attain old age (‘l’age vieux’) : 
it is not the absolute characteristic of any age of the species. 
In the skull no. 3 B, Brit. Mus., the parietal crest is 3 lines high: the first true 
molar shows the small cavities on the grinding surface formed by the more prominent 
pair of cusps of the opposite tooth, upon the inner half of the upper, and on the outer 
half of the lower tooth. These cavities have hardly begun to be formed on the second 
molar; and the grinding surface of the third molar shows its primitive minutely 
wrinkled surface. In this skull about half an inch of the stylohyal is ossified and 
anchylosed to the vaginal ridge, forming the so-called ‘ styloid process’ of the tem- 
poral bone. 
The skull no. 1080, which by the state of the teeth is about the same age as the 
preceding, has also a parietal crest 3 lines in height, but it is thicker than in no. 3 B: 
the styloid processes are 3 lines in length. 
In the skulls nos. 1085 and 1088, the cavities in the second true molars are rather 
better marked, but the crown of the third molar is wrinkled ; the crowns of the canines 
are obliquely worn, the upper ones by attrition against the first lower premolars ; but 
they retain their full length: the incisors have had half the crown abraded. The 
sagittal crest is similar to the foregoing: there are no styloid processes. The nasal 
bone is shorter in 1085. 
In an adult male of the large Orang, in Mr. Stevens’s charge, no. 2, with less-worn 
incisors and canines, the parietal ridge is 4 lines high. The nasal bone does not rise 
above the level of the malo-frontal suture ; it is bisected by the maxillaries meeting 
at the median line, as in the skull in the Leyden Museum, above noticed’. 
In the skull in the British Museum, no. 3 A, with the canines and incisors much 
more worn down than in the foregoing skull, and with deep cavities in both the first 
and second molars, and also in the third molar of the lower jaw, the temporal ridge is 
less elevated, but is thicker: there is a styloid process on the right side, 5 lines in length. 
In the skull no. 1079, all the molars, as also the premolars, show deep cavities 
through long attrition, and the crowns of the upper canines are much worn away: the 
temporal ridge is low and thick, not higher than in the skull no.3A. The styloid 
processes are 5 lines in length. 
The skull no. 3 C (Pl. L. fig. 1) is of an aged individual: the inner halves of the 
upper molars (ib. fig. 2) are worn half-way down. The parietal crest is moderately 
thick, and 4 lines high. 
In this series of crested skulls there are modifications of general size and proportions, 
of extent of the molar series, of the shape of the nasal bone, of the size and shape 
of the orbits, of the degree of prominence of the superorbital ridge, and of the pre- 
1 T haye seen the skull of an Orang (Pith. Satyrus) in which the nasal bone was reduced to its lower border 
—a small piece wedged into the upper part of the bony nostril; and another skull of an Orang without any 
trace of nasal bone, the place of which was supplied by the united nasal processes of the maxillaries. 
VOL. IV.— PART V. 2c 
