32 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL 
8. Brur Bescon. Carpinus americana. 
Nat. Ord. Cupulifere, 
Called also American Hornbeam, or Water Beech; also, indiscriminately with 
No. 21, receives the name of Ironwood. Common along streams. Tree 10 to 20 
feet high, with ridged trunk, and very hard whitish wood. Excellent for cogs of 
wheels, and any purpose requiring extreme hardness. Bark, light grey or ash- 
colored. The generic name carpinus, is derived from two Celtic words signifying 
wood, and the head implying wood fit for making yokes for cattle, to which use 
this timber is particularly adapted, being very fine grained, compact and hard. 
Sometimes called in Canada Yoke Elm. This wood is much esteemed as fuel, 
though much too valuable for this purpose. 
Specific gravity 0.79; weight of cubic foot 47 lbs. 
Value for heating purposes 65. 
9. Waite Biron. Betula atba (populifolia ?) 
Nat. Ord. Betulacee. 
A small slender very graceful tree; grows on poor soils; bark chalk white, 
separable into thin sheets like paper. Wood, fine-grained and very tough, but 
not durable. The bark is used by the Indians for their light canoes. 
Specific gravity 0.5; weight of cubic foot 32 lbs. 
Value for heating purposes 48. 
10. Brack Biron. Betula nigra (lenta ?) 
Nat. Ord. Betulacee. 
A rather large tree, with reddish-brown bark, and compact light-colored wood. 
Oceurs chiefly on low river banks. It is an excellent wood for the turner, being 
light colored, compact and easily worked. It is considerably used in furniture ; 
some of the wood is almost as handsomely figured as Honduras mahogany, and 
when colored and varnished is not easily distinguished from it. It is not however 
very durable. 
The bark is remarkable for being harder and more durable than the wood 
itself, being used by the Indians and backwoodsmen as tiles for roofs, shoes, 
hats, &c.. and for canoes and boats. Birch is used extensively by cabinet-makers 
and carriage builders, and is exported to Europe to a considerable extent. In 
frames of ships and for parts under water it.1s more used as it becomes better 
known. No wood is better adapted to sustain shocks and frictions than bireh of 
good quality. This wood is much used in this country for firewood. Has a 
most extensive geographical range. Sap saccharine. 
Specific gravity 0.65 ; weight of cubic foot 40 lbs. 
Value for heating purposes 63. 
11. Burrernur. Juglans cinerea (cathartica ?) 
Nat. Ord. Juglandacee, 
This tree belongs to the same genus with Juglans nigra, or the black walnut— 
Which see. Grows commonly in rich woods. Flowers in May, and fruit ripe in 
September, Grows from 30 to 50 feet high, with grey bark, and widely spreading 
branches, Wood lighter colored than black walnut, and not so valuable, but 
