CANADIAN TIMBER TREES, 30 
posed to the weather. It twists and warps much in drying, and shrinks very much 
both in length and breadth. It bears the driving of bolts and nails better than any 
other timber. The American elm is preferred to the English by wheelwrights. 
Specifie gravity 0.54; weight of cubic foot 35 lbs. 
Value for heating purposes 58. 
18, Hawrnorn. Crategus tomentosa. 
Nat. Ord, Rosacew. Sub. Ord. Pomacee. 
A tall shrub or low tree, growing commonly in thickets, flowering in May aad 
June. None of tke thorns exceed the height of 20 feet; consequently, as timber 
the wood is of little value. The generic name is derived from a Greek word 
signifying hard, on account of the extreme harduess of the wood of some of the 
species. 
Specific gravity 0.75; weight of cubic foot 46 lbs. 
19. Hemnock. Abies canadensis. 
Nat. Ord. Conifere, 
A large tree, when young the most graceful of spruces. Occurs in hilly or 
rocky woods; very common in Canada. It has a light spreading spray and delicate 
foliage, bright green above, silvery underneath. Timber very coarse grained and 
poor, but seems well adapted for resisting the effects of moisture, &c., for which 
reason it is used for railway ties, Attains a height of 70 to 80 feet, with a 
truok unusually large in proportion, covered with a rough bark which is used 
extensively in tanning. This timber is not liable to be attacked by rats or other 
vermin. 
Specific gravity 0.45: weight of cubic foot 26 lbs, 
20. Hickory. Carya alba, 
Nat. Ord. Juglandacece, 
A large tree, sometimes exceeding three feet in diameter; grows commonly in 
rich moist woods; flowers in May and sheds nuts in October. The old trunks very 
rough-barked; wood most valuable as timber and for fuel; while the fruit furnishes 
the principal hickory nuts of the market. The wood of young trees is exceed- 
ingly tough and flexible, and makes excellent handspikes, axe and pickaxe handles, 
and other works requiring elasticity. The bark of the hickory is recommended 
by Dr. Bancroft as a yellow dye. 
There are seven species indigenous to North America. |The wood of this species 
is also well adapted and sometimes employed for making the keels of vessels. It 
is the heaviest of all our woods, as will be observed by comparing the specific 
gravity with that of oak or any others of our list. Hickory contains of potash 20 
per cent. in the inside, and 7.5 per cent. outside. 
Specific gravity 0.929; weight of cubic foot 58 lbs. 
Value for heating purposes 100. 
21. Inox Woop, ok Hop Hornseam. Ostrya virginica, 
Nat. Ord. Cupulifere. 
A slender tree, occurring not rarely in rich woods, varying from 20 to 40 
feet high; bark brownish, and finely furrowed ; foliage resembling that of the 
