210 METEOROLOGY. 
MEAN METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS AT TORONTO FOR THE 
YEAR 1860. 
BY PROFESSOR KINGSTON, M.A., DIBEOTOR OF THE OBSERVATORY, TORONTO. 
Read before the Canadian Institute 16th February, 1861. 
Temperature.—The mean temperature of the year 1860 was 44.°32, a number 
exceeding by 0.°20 the average of 21 years. This small excess was due to the 
mildness generally of the Spring and Autumn, since the means of both the 
Summer and Winter months were mostly below the average. The average of the 
differences, without regard to signs of the monthly means from their respective 
normals, was 1.°98 for the year 1860, and 2.°42 for the period 1853-60. As far as 
this can be taken as a test, 1860, in respect to temperature, may be regarded as 
approximately a normal year. 
The range of the year, the mean of the monthly ranges, and the mean of the 
Gaily ranges, were respectively 96.°5, 45°93, and 14.°24; which, compared with 
108.°11, 48.°08, and 16.°41, the corresponding numbers for the period 1853-60, in- 
dicate a general moderation in the fluctuations of temperature. 
The warmest day was July 19, with a mean of 75°0, and the eoldest, December 
14, when the mean was 1.908. The extremes of temperature for the year (88.°O 
and — 8.°5) oceurred on July 1Y and February 1. The former was 2.°4 below, and 
the latter 3.°2 above, the averages of the yearly maxima and minima. 
There were 32 days in which the mean of the day differed from the normal by 
12° and upwards. Of these none occurred in the summer months, but were dis- 
tributed through the rest of the year in a tolerably regular progression, their 
frequency increasing with a decreasing temperature, and reaching a maximum in 
February. In grouping together the four years terminating with 1860, a well- 
marked double progression becomes apparent with a second or inferior maximum 
in June. If regard be had, not to the nwmber of abnormal daily means but to the 
amount of abnormal variation of each observation, without reference to any arbi- 
tary limit, it will be found that the aggregate of these variations in the several 
months derived from a series of six years conform to a double progression, similar 
to that above described, the principal maximum of mean abnormal variation 10.°1 
occurring in February; the two minima, 5.°1 and 4.°5,in May and August; and 
the second maximum, 5.°7, in June, the mean for the whole year being 6.°7. 
Barometer.—It will be seen from the table that the mean height of the 
barometer for the year differed from the average by —.0276 inches, an unusually 
large difference as compared with other years. The mean of the monthly differ- 
ences from their respective averages, and without regard to sign, was small, being 
only :0449 inches against ‘0509 inches, the corresponding number for the period 
1855-60. 
The extremes of pressure were within narrow limits as regards their amount, 
and were separated by an interval of only 188 hours, the maximum, 30-261 inches, 
having occurred on December 14 at 5 p.m,, and the minimum, 28°838 inches, on 
December 20 at 11 a.m, 
