OF LAKE AREA OF WESTERN CANADA. 220) 
ing waters. They must not be confounded with similar shells left in 
elevated spots by the drying up of streams and ponds, or by the 
eutting back and lowering of river-beds. As occurring in our mo- 
dified drift deposits, they are imbedded in sand or gravel containing 
northern pebbles and small boulders; and in situations, more- 
over, in which it is evident that no merely local causes could 
have been concerned in their deposition. The fragility of most 
fresh-water shells, necessarily operates against the preservation of 
these in the coarser sediments, and explains their absence, pro- 
bably, as regards the upper Drift beds of many localities. 
In some of these re-sorted beds, the bones and teeth of both ex- 
tinct and existing mammals are occasionally found. The extinct 
forms comprise: a species of Mastodon (M. Ohioticus? see Can. 
Jour. New Series, vol. iii. p. 356); the Elephas primigenius ; and 
apparently an extinct species of the horse. The remains of existing 
species found in these deposits (always confining our remarks to 
Western Canada), include the Wapiti, the Moose, Beaver, Musk- 
rat, &c. These two classes of remains have been found together. 
In a railway cutting through Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, 
the tusk of a Mammoth (Hlephas primigenius) and the horns of a 
Wapiti (Llaphus Canadensis) were met with at a depth of about 
forty feet below the present surface of the ground.* I have also 
seen the lower jaw of a Beaver (Castor fiber), obtained from the 
same locality. The flint arrow-heads, and other wrought imple- 
ments of Amiens and Abbeville, which are now attracting so much 
attention in Europe, occur, apparently, in deposits of the same 
kind and age. 
T have discovered fresh-water shells, under the conditions de- 
scribed above, in beds of stratified Drift consisting of coarse gravel 
filled with pebbles of gneiss and other northern rocks, on the King- 
ston road, about two miles east of Belleville, at an elevation, by rough 
measurement, of about 40 feet above the present level of Lake On- 
tario. These belong to Planorbis trivolvis, or to some closely related 
species. Other examples of the same shell were obtained from fine 
gravel in oblique stratification, near the village of Orillia, at a height 
of about 18 feet above the level of Lake Couchiching. This lake 
is about 120 feet higher than Lake Huron, and about 700 feet above 
* See a paper on the Geology of this district, by Charles Robb. C.E., in this Journal, New 
Series, Vol. V. p. 510. 
