420 MODIFICATIONS AFFECTING THE ETHNIC SIGNIFICANCE 
a foetus in his possession found enclosed in the womb of a mummy 
discovered, in 1841, in a cave at Huichay, two leagues from Tarma, in 
Peru. Professor D’Outrepont, an experienced obstetrician, deter- 
mined the age of the foetus at about seven months; and Dr. Tschudi 
refers to his illustrative drawing of it as affording interesting and con- 
clusive proof, im opposition to opinions advanced by the advocates of 
mechanical pressure as the sole cause of the remarkable cranial forms 
recovered from Peruvian sepulchres. Similar proofs are also stated 
by him to be furnished by another mummy, preserved under the direc- 
tion of Don Mariano Edward de Rivero, in the National Museum at 
Lima. The heads exhibit a flattened, receding forehead, and a re- 
markable posterior elongation ; and these characteristics are no less 
markedly noticeable in another example, from the same Lima collection, 
figured by Dr. Tschudi in his “‘ Antiqiéedades Peruanas,’’ of amummied 
child of the Opas Indians. Its form, as shewn both in profile and verti- 
cal view, is only comparable to the most depressed skulls of the Chinouk 
Indians ; while in the vertical or front view, it is seen to be exceedingly 
unsymmetrical. The right side is considerably in excess of the left, 
as is frequently the case in the elongated skulls of the Flatheads of 
Oregon and British Columbia; and to those familiar with the irregu- 
lar development of artificially compressed heads, the idea of mecha- 
nical pressure is at once suggested as the cause of some of the peculiar 
cranial characteristics of this Lima mummy. 
There is conclusive evidence, I conceive, to prove that there were 
essentially distinct dolichocephalic and brachycephalic tribes among 
the ancient Peruvians ; and that a markedly elongated head was com- 
mon, apart from any artificial anterior depression and abnormal 
elongation to which it was frequently subjected. This question has 
been discussed, with varying results, in more than one of Dr. Morton’s 
papers, though latterly he appears to have rejected the idea of two 
or more distinct cranial types, in favour of his theoretical unity of the 
American race. I have been confirmed in the belief in the existence of 
such essentially diverse South American cranial types after examining 
numerous Peruvian crania, including those of the Morton Collection, 
along with later additions, in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences at Philadelphia ; and especially from recent careful study of a 
collection of Peruvian mummies and skulls, including both normal and 
compressed dolichocephalic crania, brought from ancient cemeteries of 
South America, by Mr. John H. Blake, and now preserved in his col- 
