Y To face pags 495.) 
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS. 
BY WILLIAM HINCKS, F.L.S, &c., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TORONTO. 
which remains open . seeeeesee+s Lz. Dorstenia. 
on the upper or inner surface of an 
expanded receptacle which forms a nearly closed expansion lined with the numerous flowers, and 
finally becoming pulpy, as the contained fruits mature ,...-- serseeeeess Sxconvs.—Le. Fig. 
multifloral or collective . : (pence flower producing a separate pulpy fruit, without permanent envelopes. The 
(The fruits of several or many flowers | whole united on a common axis .... ..+. CoLteotive Benny.—EFx. Mulberry. 
combined into a composite body.] 
formed from| a spike! or head) of { seeds naked at the base ( scales pulpy .....-..++---+- Srrositoi Berny.—Ez. Juniper. 
flowers; the separate fruits with of scales 
.+++ Srropitus.—Zz. Pinus. 
their envelopes adhering together fruits from the separate Seales dry - - 
flowers, with the ex- 
terior parts united } seeds in carpels: exte-{ Soft or pulpy ----------.--- Sorosts.—Kz. Bread-Fruit, Pine- 
| into a composite fruit | rior parts united with Apple. 
the carpelsintoa com-* 4tY: consisting of capsules or 
U posite fruit [ Woody follicles, with their 
envelopes .....+...--..... Mx. Banksia. 
he lower part, opening by a cover 
f woody pyxidium, with calyx adherent on ¢ 
micisieisis)¢lsisisirieeie sieve) La. Wecy this: 
raised by, the/axispajciielel-sieleisicieteieioe eiene 
dehiscent vertically, the entirely adherent calyx opening with the 
Carpels.. 0s eee eee eeee eee voc Basie ciel eeisteeeeeseieezce ki pilobium™ 
capsule { dehiscent near the apex of the car 
| ing a containing case ........,. 
pels only, the adherent calyx form- 
tree teste ceteeeecnseeeseee Ex. Eucalyptus. 
AMRVALDS, 
dehiscent by pores in each cell... 
calyx, as well as torus, adhering ieee eeeceeeeeeetesececeeesees Bx. Campanula. 
wholly or partially pulpy fruit of several coherent carpels, soft externall 
[fruit inferior; flowers epigynose] ye 
.... Toe Beary.—Jz. Fuchsia, Ribes. 
pulpy fruit of several coherent carpels, witha coriaceous or woody external crust Hz. Pomegranate. 
fleshy fruit of 3 carpels, with the external covering hardened ......-...-..... Pero—Hz. Cucumber. 
consisting of carpels fruit of 2 dry single-seeded carpels, separating from below +se..... Cremocanr.—E£z. Parsley. 
with adherent exte- 
rior parts like the preceding, but not separating from below. Each portion a........... Coccus.—z. Galium. 
[eee sere fruit, probably from 2 carpels, the limb of the adherent calyx often 
unifloral (belonging forming a frill or down. ....... 2.20. eee e eee ee -+.+++. Cyprseta.—Fz. Dandelion. 
to a single flower) 
partially adhering........ dadc cs00dnU08Do000nDN005 ovoce seceseees Hz. Tigridia. 
COrUsTONLYyaierelelalelalelelelatetefelarsteleleleleisielsle 
z totally adhering. =f bao 00 slelololelelelelaipanetaieisieletelelistiesieleteleieemeiceN VID DHaeag 
consisting of carpels 
only.® 
‘ 
{ Lecume.—Er. Pea. 
Fotricte.—LZz. Larkspur. 
of one carpel On1Y......eeeeee tresses enn eeees os BeOnooeons D0 50 eiejeltiein isle tee cieeeacerceatcnecererscecececsisasialesisisisieiseia. +++ ++ 4) BERRY (Simple),—x, Barberry, 
| Acuanium.—E£r. Urtica, 
3 Drourr.—ZLz, Plum. 
many achenia on a hollow torus, having an urn-shaped synsepalous 
calyx,which finally becomes pulpy --.-++-+ersrts tree eeeeeeeessseeees Bx. Rosa. 
.... Hr. Strawberry. 
many achenia on the surface of a fleshy torus - 
many achenia, with or without an appendage derived from the styles, col- : ; 
seseseeee Zz. Clematis, Potentilla 
* FRUITS CONSISTING OF CARPELS ONLY. 
. several or many carpels ..+++-++ 
lected on a dry knobbed torus .....-..+e+seeeeetteees 
isti any of the single ones occurring 8 | many small drupes united round a knobbed torus «....+++.-++.++..+-.++ Zz, Brambleberry. 
distinct .. 5 a ‘rel a 
jn one or more circles S } i i 
asingle circle of carpels adhering by th outer edge to the torus—the ion 
whole forming a fleshy fruit .........+sseecrrertetrsttstssees vessees Toe Pomr,—Zx. Medlar, Apple. 
pair of follicles ........-+.+-++- . Sistetteeeencesseseserereee 2x, Asclepias. 
| numerous carpels crowded on an elongated receptacle ... w-lsleleielelaielsie) | are Magnolia. 
numerous carpels separately half imbedded in a common fleshy receptacle.. Hz. Nelumbium, 
epicarps generally separating at maturity : lobes of the fruit bursting j Reama.—Zz. Euphorbia, Dictam- 
asunder elastically ... voce eee eceee resent et esenececesarerseraas nus, ‘ 
A aa Dreristiis—Zz. Tropeolum, Alis- 
: partially-formipg a lobed fruit .. 4 epicarps not separable; lobes dividirg without elasticity. +-+++-+sseseeee § a, 
‘ 4 ; th 
Coherent .... two carpels each producing one seed from each side, forming four indehis- ; Nucuwentus.—Hz, Borago, La- 
cent nuts, like naked seeds: each lobe &..+++++++eessererreseersceres mium. 
- lexi or nearly so.t 
fruit indehiscent: the carpels forming 
by their coherence a bag open at the Zz, Reseda. 
{ edges of the carpellary leaves only meeting, 
zs leaving ¢ 4 ti ENS onc d0ccooncHStnaOOOHNODOGdS —OOdDDDOD00DRCO00G0CC 0000 
E place ae Been eS P on the middle line of each carpel... oo Oe 50 Fx. Viola. 
= | Gehigcentisceneirraisias sescicicie(eie(sizicis = by pores under stigmatic rays ¢+-++++0+e2-07+ Peetieicieioieinstsi Ex. Papaver. 
“ 5 ‘ SS (edberence-slight: dehiscence by separation of the carpels (Serroupat) Vecceeeeeseeersrcitnqeceeeeccacessreee== 2. Colchicum, 
2 dehiscence by circumscission ........,0++eeeneeecseee eect rer sss teee nests wee cei isles 20 veeeees Pyxis.—Mz. Hyoscyamus. 
edges of carpellary leaves meeting at the 
axis, being infolded and adherent, arene dehiscence by the midribs of the carpellary leaves, i. Ex. Tulip. 
. vertically down the middle of each (Locuticrpar) ..... 
double partitions; placentm axillary ue awe 
dehiscence as in the last, but the valves formed by the united halves of two carpels breaking from the info ie i pers Be ace 
tions which are united at the axis (SrprirRaGAL) seeececereceses 
Fr. Solanum. 
fruit indehiscent—pulpy—a berry .......-.-2+0e-eeeeee 
or nearly so. 
. of the carpellary leaves infolded to the 
axis, and again projecting into the cell, the 
Placenta forming a round or lengthened en- 
. Gaultheria. 
JAVON TDN GGG saogecoadobobee | Bpogooco co cuaceBeoEbBEecoeocace doonaBedeonAgc sdouadcabc—500qu0s9 Ex. Gai 
Ex. Cerastium, Primula. 
placentation Sree central, perhaps from the (dehiscence by teeth at the apex 
absorption of the parts of the carpellary 
leaves forming the partitions, or from the 
base only of each carpel producing placentz ( by circumscission -..-------+ 
Pyxis.—/r. Anagallis. 
¢ FRUITS of several or many coherent car 
two, three, or more carpels only perfecting fz, Chenopodiom, Rumex. 
one seed 
