78 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. 



Syria, however, carries on the Celtic stream to the north and -west, 

 furnishing, as landmarks in its progress, Chalcidice, Elemais, the 

 region of the TJrchoenses,^^ and Batnse, with which the la,rge nation 

 of the Patena, mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions, and placed 

 in northern Syria, must be connected. ^^ It is interesting to find 

 Bedan developing into a nation at about equal distances to the east 

 and north-west from the original Persic centre. From Syria the 

 Celts passed into Cilicia and Cappadocia, unless the colonists of the 

 latter province came direct from Armenia. Cilicia itself is a form 

 of Grilead, in which the emphasizing of the ayin has caused the 

 rejection of the final d. The river Calycadnus, however, exhibits 

 the full dimensions of the word. The learned Bochart, whose 

 etymologies I would not always vouch for, was, I think, right in 

 rendering Celenderis as the land of Gilead.^* Clitse is a shortened 

 form of the same. Sheresh and Ulam may appear in the Sarus and 

 Holmi, and Rakem in Trachea. Cappadocia supplements Cilicia. 

 To the Sarus it adds Siricis for Sheresh. Rakem once more denotes 

 a mountain range in Argteus. Diana Perasia, worshipped at Casta- 

 balla, may denote some connection with his father Peresh. But 

 Bedan is unmistakable in Badinum, Podandus, and Ptanadaris, the 

 latter a word resembling Celenderis. There were Chaldsei in Pontus, 

 as Strabo and Stephanus of Byzantium inform us, who were no 

 doubt immigrants from Armenia. Galatia indicates a returning 

 wave of the Celtic tide in its westward course. Its Trocmi were 

 probably Rakem's people, with an initial T that we shall yet meet 

 with, and the Epetobriges are the Bedanites, with the addition of 

 the Celtic brig. Many writers connect the Phrygians with the 

 Brigantes, but for this I have absolutely no data.^° The Pitansei, of 

 Lycaonia, were of Bedan. Bithynia, however, is altogether Celtic or 

 Gileadite. Here Bedan appears as in Bhotan and Patena, supersed- 

 ing the Elymsei of his father and the Parsii of his grandfather with 

 his own name. The Bebrycians, or ancient Bithyniaals, were of 

 Peresh, and their name connects with the Greek Buprasium and the 

 Gallic Bibracte, the initial B being in each case reduplicated. Prusa 

 also, I am convinced, was far older than the historical king Prusias, 

 and represented a simpler form of Peresh.^® Elseum may have been 



S2 Bryant, Analysis, i. 260. 



23 Vide Map of Western Asia in the Assyrian Period, Rawlinson's Herodotus, Vol. i. 

 2* Gilead eretz. Boohart, Canaan. 

 29 Anthon's Class. Diet. , Art. Brigantes. 



26 Strabo (xii. 4. 4) states that Prusias, the founder of Prusa, fought against Croesus. This, 

 at least, is evidence of its antiquity. 



