THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. 79 



a reminiscence of Ulam ; but Argantlionius Mons keeps up the 

 Hyrcanian connection.. (Jlitse and Chalcedon unite the Bithynians 

 with Gilead. There are other geographical names related to those 

 already mentioned, in Mysia and Lydia ; such as Pirossus, Eloea with 

 Pitane, Pytna and the Hyrcanian Plain,^' but these are sporadic, 

 and do not belong to the main stream of migration. 



Passing into Europe, Thrace betrays affinity with Bithynia.. Its 

 Celletse were doubtless the founders of Chalcedon in Bithynia, who 

 also built Byzantium and Selymbria. The latter word presents a 

 Celtic form that has already appeared in the Mesambria of Persis. 

 Selym, however, is a sibilant form of Ulam, and exhibits the Elymsei 

 preparing for their western name of TJlam-briges or Allobroges. 

 Oallaica was the name of the coast on which it was found. Salmy- 

 dessus or Halmydessus may be another form of the same name. 

 Byzantium, from its connection with Chalcedon, and geographical 

 relations with Bythias and the Bathynias river, would seem to be a 

 corruption of Bedan. I am inclined also to give this honour to the 

 Bistones who dwelt between the eastern part alluded to and the west 

 of Thrace, where Siiis and Pi-asias commemorated Sheresh a.nd 

 Peresh. The s which precedes the t of Bistones is adventitious in 

 other Greek words taken from oriental languages, as in histakion from 

 the Hebrew beten, the jjistachio. Macedonia contained a large district 

 called Chalcidice, as well as many other Gilead-like names. Baerus, 

 to the north of Gallicum, might indicate Peresh. But, 023posite 

 Chalcidice, Pydna, near the region of Elymea, seems to reproduce the 

 geographical nou^enclature of Persia, Meso|X)tamia, Arabia, and 

 Sjada.^* Almona, fai'ther north, may be another form of Ulam, and 

 the Erigon, near at hand, is plainly the river of Bakem. Although 

 it sheds no light upon the family of Gilead, the following connection 

 may indicate the correctness of my inductive process. In Macedonia, 

 near Elymea, ^gestsea appears, which is the same name as the 



27 The Hyrcs.nian Plaia is said to have been named by the Persians after their conquest of 

 Asia Miuor. 

 ■28 It is certainly not a little remarkable to find names so similar in constant unioiL 



In Susa we have Elymais and Badsea. 



In Persis " Elymaei and Bathina. 



In Media " Elymais and Batana. 



In Arabia " Elamitae and Pudna. 



In Syria " Eleaiais and Batnaj. 



In Macedonia " Elymea and Pytna. 



In Sicily " Elyinii and Pittineo. 



Also in Eiibffia and Arcadia are Eljmnium and Elymia with other Gileadite connections. 



