TO RELATIVE CAPACITY OP KACES. 179 



normal human brain. The frontal height is greater than in that of 

 other anthropomorpha ; the frontal lobe is in all respects larger as 

 compared with the occipital lobe ; and certain folds of brain-sub- 

 stance, styled " bridging convulsions," which in the human brain are 

 interposed between the parietal and occipital lobes, also occur, though 

 greatly reduced, in the brain of the orang; while they appear to be 

 wholly wanting in the chimpanzee, the gibbon, and other apes which 

 superficially present a greater resemblance to man. Referring to the 

 convolutions of the central cerebral lobe, Huschke says : " With 

 their formation in the ape, the brain enters the last stage of devel- 

 opment until it arrives at its perfection in man;" and the higher 

 class of brains may be arranged between the extremes of poorly and 

 richly convoluted examples. 



But it must not be overlooked that, apart from structural difier- 

 ences, relative, and not absolute mass and weight of brain has to be 

 considered, otherwise the elephant and the whale would take the fore- 

 most place. "The brain of the porpoise," Professor Huxley 

 remarks,* " is quite wonderful for its mass, and for the development 

 of the cerebral convolutions ;" but it is the centre of a nervous system 

 of corresponding capacity, while as compared with the size of the 

 animal, the brain is not relatively lai'ge. Vogt states the weight 

 of the hiiman body to be to the brain, on an average, as 36 to 1 . 

 whereas in the most intelligent animals the difference is rarely less 

 than 100 to 1. 



Assuming the existence of some uniform relation between the size 

 of the brain and the development of the intellectual faculties, along 

 with whatever is recognized as most closely analogous to them in the 

 lower animals, it might be anticipated that we should find not only a 

 graduated development of brain in the anthropomorpha as they 

 approximate in resemblance to man ; but, still more, that the pro- 

 gressive stages from the lowest savage condition to that of the most 

 civilized nations should be traceable in a comparative size and weight 

 of brain. Dr. Carl Vogt, after discussing certain minor and doubtful 

 exceptions, thus proceeds : " We find that there is an almost regular 

 series in the cranial capacity of such nations and races as, since 

 historic times, have taken no part in civilization. Australians, Hot- 

 tentots, and Polynesians, nations in the lowest state of barbarism, 

 commence the series ; and no' one can deny that the place they 



* " Mr., Darwin's Critics : Critiques aad Addresses." 



