AND AFFINITIES OF THE GORILLA. 281 



of the ' hippocampus minor ;' the beginnings, or incipient homologues, of which cavity 

 and part are alone present in the highest Apes. 



Coextensively with this new and improved condition of cerebral growth will be the 

 expansion of the cranial cavity, as, with the reduction of the size of the teeth, there 

 would be contraction of the jaws ; the general result being the change in the propor- 

 tions of the face to the cranium, and transmutation of the shape of the head and skull 

 from that shown in vol. iv. pi. 28. to that shown in vol. iv. pi. 30. of the ' Transactions 

 of the Zoological Society.' 



In the vertebral column the following changes must take place : — Reduction of the 

 length of the cervical spines and of the ribs of the thirteenth dorsal, converting this 

 vertebra, by their anchylosis, into a first lumbar vertebra : liberation of the pleur- 

 apophyses of the twenty-third and twenty-fourth vertebrae at their distal ends, reduction 

 of their thickness, and consequent transformation of the first two sacral into the last 

 two lumbar vertebrae. The curves and disposition of the different sets or kinds of ' true 

 vertebrae ' must be likewise modified. When the zoologist contrasts Homo with 7Vo- 

 glodytes or Pithecus, by predicating five lumbar vertebrae as peculiar to and characteristic 

 of Man, in the limits of such comparison, the tyro is not to suppose that the modified 

 homologues of those vertebra? are wanting in the Apes ; nor will the teacher gain other 

 than a passing notoriety by vaunting their presence as a new and valuable discovery, 

 with brazen charges of their absolute denial by the real demonstrator of their homo- 

 logical existence. 



Finally, in regard to the geographical distribution of the higher Quadrumana, I would 

 contrast the peculiarly limited range of the Orangs and Chimpanzees with the cosmo- 

 politan character of Mankind. The two species of Orang (Pithecus) are confined to 

 Borneo and Sumatra ; the two species of Chimpanzee (Troglodytes) are limited to an 

 intertropical tract of the western part of Africa. They appear to be inexorably bound 

 by climatal influences regulating the assemblage of certain trees and the production of 

 certain fruits. With all our care, in regard to choice of food, clothing, and con- 

 trivances for artificially maintaining the chief physical conditions of their existence, the 

 healthiest specimens of Orang or Chimpanzee, brought over in the vigour of youth, 

 perish within a period never exceeding three years, and usually much shorter, in our 

 climate. By what metamorphoses, we may ask, has the alleged humanized Chim- 

 panzee or Orang been brought to endure all climates? The advocates of " transmuta- 

 tion " have failed to explain them. Certain it is that those physical differences in 

 cerebral, dental, and osteological structure which place, in my estimate of them, the 

 genus Homo in a distinct group of the mammalian class, zoologically of higher value 

 than the ' order,' are associated with equally contrasted powers of endurance of dif- 

 ferent climates, whereby Man has become a denizen of every part of the globe, from the 

 torrid to the arctic zones. 



