THE SHEPHERD KINGS OP EGYPT. 271 



Hebron or Kirjatli Arba. Previous to bis time, or coincident per- 

 haps witb tbe beginning of bis Palestinian sovereignty, two migra- 

 tions to Egyi^t had taken place. One of these was led by Sbobal the 

 Horite, from the mountainous disti-ict that lay between the Dead Sea 

 and the ^lanitic Gulf, or, since Sbobal is called the father of Kirjath 

 Jearim, from' the similarly hilly region in which a city of that name 

 was afterwards found in the possession of a Gibeonite or Hivite 

 family. It is hard to say which was tbe first settlement of the 

 Horites. I think it probable, however, that as they came with the 

 westward tide of emigration from the land of Shinai*, they must have 

 entered Palestine from the north, and thus have dwelt first in Kirjath 

 Jearim, Mount Hor forming an intermediate stage on the way to 

 Egypt. Manahath, the second son of Sbobal, took possession of the 

 Mendesian nome ; his brother Onam, moving southward, founded On, 

 or Heliopolis ; and Jachath, the son of his elder brother Alvan or 

 Reaiah, established a kingdom in the neighbourhood of Memphis, 

 whence his son Achumai was driven to Chemmis, in the south. This 

 was the Egyptian dynasty of the Auritae. The second migration 

 was that of the father of Etam, an " Etam of that ilk," who left a 

 region situated probably not far from Bethlehem, and became the 

 eponym of the wilderness on both sides of the Red Sea, opposite 

 Heliopolis, in which the later city Pithom commemorated him. As 

 Sbobal, Reaiah and Manahath became the gods Seb, Ra and Month, 

 so he was honoured with divinity as Athom or Atmoo. His eldest 

 son Jezreel probably exercised sovereignty in the neighbourhood of 

 Heliopolis or Memphis, and was known as Osiris. Then Ashchiu-, 

 with his sons, entered the land of the Pharaohs. At first they con- 

 tented themselves with the Sethroitic region to the east of Manahath's 

 domain, keeping up communication with Palestine, in which, probably 

 about Gerar or Elusa and Gaza, they left settlements, by means of 

 the maritime tract of the Sirbonis Palus. All records combine to 

 make them the first men of the sea, so that their supremacy may at 

 first have arisen from their power of maintaining a water communi- 

 cation where one by land was difficult or impossible. At first they 

 seem to have been subordinate to the Horite monarchs of Mendes 

 and On, Antaeus and Busiris, Onnos and Usecheres living together 

 in harmony. It is questionable if Achuzam ever moved out of the 

 region of Casium, although there are reasons for finding his last home 

 in Gizeh. His brother Achashtari certainly took Heliopolis from 



