76 Natural History of Volcanos and Earthquakes. 



quantity of water, whose annual variations of temperature are 

 limited to those observed in the coldest of the Pader springs.* 

 The water district ( Wassergebiet) of these springs is about 216 

 millions of square feet, and the quantity of water which they 

 afford in one minute 16,530 cubic feet, according to measure- 

 ments, as accurate as the nature of the thing would admit. It 

 was calculated, from these numerical data, that a mass of water, 

 120 feet in depth, must be present in this district where the 

 springs rise, if all the water which sinks here in half a ^'■ear pro- 

 duce an alteration of temperature of 2°.25 P.^ presupposing that 

 a mean differance of 22°.5 exists between the temperature of the 

 water Avhich sinks, and of that which lies in the fissured rock. 

 Since, however, the presupposition that all the springs in Pader- 

 born undergo this variation of temperature of 2°.25 in a half 

 year, applies only to those whose average temperature does not 

 exceed 50^.6 F. ; while the warmer springs, which are by far 

 the more numerous, exhibit no variation of temperature during 

 the whole year ; the size of the subterraneous reservoir must be 

 much vaster, if such considerable quantities of water of a uni- 

 form temperature flow from it, while the water which sinks and 

 is added to it, sulfers variations of temperature dependent on 

 those of the atmosphere. 



Calculations of this kind can, from the nature of the subject, 

 give but approximations to the real size of that of which we 

 could otherwise form no estimate at all. The preceding calcula- 

 tion shows, at least, that all the clefts and caverns in the chalk 

 rock of the Teutoburger Wald must be filled with water from 

 the level of the springs, down to some impermeable stratum. 

 How otherwise can we explain the fact, that considerable quan- 

 tities of water of the varying temperature of the atmosphere 

 constantly sink into the rock, and that as considerable quantities 

 flow out at the slope of the rock, presenting a tumforra tempera- 



* It is really a remarkable fact to see so considerable a number of springs rise in 

 so small a compass as the lower part of the town of Padcrborn. Their numijer is 

 said to amount to 130, several of which constantly appear close together often at the 

 distance of but one or two paces, and immediately form considerable brooks, which 

 by their union form the Pader, so large a river, that its different branches turn no less 

 than fourteen undershot water-wheels of the town situated near togetlicr. Almost 

 equally large masses, of water, however, derive their sources from Lippspring, 

 Kirchborchen, and Upsprung, not to mention the many other springs which lie dis- 

 persed at the foot of that chain of hills. 



