26 Geological Reports on the State of New York. 



3d, - 48°FaL 



4th, shaded, - - - - - - 46° " 



5th, open, - - 48° 



6th, 40° " 



" The springs, the temperature of which I have given, all gush out in 



the valley in which the village of De Kalb is situated. They properly 

 belong in the class usually called mineral springs. Abun^Sance of tufa, 



oxide and carbonate of iron are deposited on the margin of some of the 



springs. 



Temperature of air 75°, July 10, 1837. 



"Temperature of two wells in Fowler : 



1st, open and exposed, 



2d, ------- - 



"Of two wells: 



1st, - - - 



2d, 15 feet deep, _ . . - . 



" Temperature of a covered well 15 feet deep, in Gouverneur, 47°, air 

 75°, July 16." 



The average temperature of thirteen wells was 44° F., which 

 is very low, but the latitude is between 44° and 45° north. 



County of Essex. 



Surface, mountainous — steep and abrupt — on one side the hills 

 and mountains usually perpendicular, lofty and often pointed in 

 peaks. 



The formations are, — 1, the primary, embracing granite and 

 gneiss ; 2, the transition ; 3, the recent tertiary (pliocene of Lyell.) 

 The rock here called granite is composed chiefly of feldspar and 

 hyperstene ; the formation being thirty miles wide. In the most 

 perfect specimens of the Labradorite, there are two colors, blue 

 and green, and bronzed in weathered pieces ; the colors are very 

 numerous, often of surpassing beauty, and polished pieces are 

 truly gems. The slabs of this rock would form beautiful archi- 

 tectural ornaments. 



Iron ore exists in vast abundance in this rock ; in Moriah a 

 tract of thirty to forty acres is underlaid by iron at the depth of a 

 spade, and there are numerous beds and veins in the vicinity, 

 forming collectively an immense mass of iron ore. It sometimes 

 branches in the rock like granite veins. 



Dykes. — "The mineral character of the dykes may be reduced to four 

 kinds; — 1, a well characterized greenstone, with oval cavities, which 



