358 Sir R. H. Soworth — The Surface Contour of 



Mockeln, the Malar, Laxsjon, Barken, and Velangen near 

 Upsala ; in six Norwegian lakes situated to the east of the 

 Dovrefelds, namely, Mjosen, Tyritjord Af-see on the Dovrefeld, 

 Sogusvandent and Eivvaugen near Christiania, Hurdals and Stor 

 Sjon in Odalen ; and twelve lakes in Northern Russia and Finland, 

 namely, Ladoga, Onega, Hoytiainen, Pyhaselka, Rebja, Uleatrask, 

 Saima, Kalavesi north of Frederikshamm, Maaninga, Paljanne north 

 of Helsingfors, Pielesjarvi north-west of Ladoga, and Nasijarvi — 

 there are now living a number of marine forms which point 

 most forcibly to all these lakes having once formed part of 

 the ocean. 



These consist of a seal (Fhoca annellata), which occurs in several of 

 the Finnish and Russian lakes, including Ladoga, Onega, and Saima ; 

 a number of Crustaceans, including Mysis oculata, Pontoporeia affinis, 

 J-'allasca cancelloides, Gammar acanthus loricatus, Idotea entomon, 

 Cythere lacustris, and Limnocalamus macrurus ; and three varieties 

 of fish, namely, CotJiis quadricornis and two foi'ms of trout, which 

 have become differentiated, apparently, from not now having access 

 to salt water, namely, Trutta Salar var. relicta, and Trutta lacustris 

 (op. cit., pp. 45-8). The greater part of these forms are Arctic ones, 

 and point to the widespread mother sea of these various lakes having 

 been connected with the Arctic Ocean. The lakes do not stand 

 alone. The country in various directions is marked by beds 

 containing Arctic marine shells, clearly proving a very recent 

 submergence. In the north, says Credner, in Dalsland, Vermland, 

 Dalecarlia, Gestrikland, and Helsingland, these beds exist to 

 a height of 500 to 650 Swedish feet above the sea-level ; in 

 the south of Sweden they are not found so high ; in Scania at 100 

 feet ; in the neighbourhood of Lake Finga at 200 to 250 feet ; near 

 Braninye, near the southern point of Lake Wetter, at 700 or 800 

 feet ; and he urges that up to this height Sweden has, since the 

 Glacial period, been covered by the sea. The proofs do not merely 

 consist in loose beds. Brongniart long ago described finding a sur- 

 face of gneissic rocks at Uddevalla at a height of 200 feet above the 

 sea-level, with barnacles (halani) adhering to the rocks, showing 

 that the sea had remained there for a long time ; and Lyell himself 

 reports how in 1834 he found at Kured, about two miles north of 

 Uddevalla, and at a height of more than 100 feet above the sea, 

 a surface of gneiss newly laid open by the partial removal of a mass 

 of shells, and so firmly did the barnacles adhere to the gneiss that 

 be was able to break off portions of the gneiss with the shells 

 attached. The face of the gneiss was also encrusted with Bryozoa. 

 (Lyell's "Principles," ed. 1868, ii, 192.) 



Another class of evidence is afforded by the so-called giants' 

 cauldrons. For some reason or other these have been connected 

 with glaciers and ice-sheets. I know not why. It is as plain as can 

 be that they are the result of water in motion acting upon arrested 

 stones, which are set spinning or turning round and thus erode deep 

 holes ; and wherever found they bear testimony to the more or less 

 continued flow of water, and have nothing whatever to do with ice 



