40 THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS 



occasion, the tide of the Red Sea went out so far as to leave dry 

 the part usually covered with green water, but soon returned to its 

 bed.^^ Trogus Pompeius also, the abbreviator of Justin, gives an 

 account of the departure of Moses from Egypt with much stolen 

 property, after which the Egyptians sought to go, but were driven back 

 by a tempest.54 Tacitus tells the story at greater length, and with 

 greater inaccuracies.^^ It is only in the extracts from Manetho and 

 other Egyptians, contained in Josephus and Eusebius, that we find 

 names given to the Pharoah of the Exodus, from which anything can 

 be deduced by comparison with the Egyptian inscriptions. The book 

 of Exodus is silent in regard to the name of the monarch, although it 

 clearly points him out as the son of the first oppressor of Israel, and 

 apparently the second of a line new to Lower, but not necessarily to 

 Upper Egypt.^® It also informs us of the names of his treasure cities, 

 which, like the Alexandrias, Ptolemais and Caesareas of later times, 

 doubtless commemorated himself or some member of his family. These 

 were Pithom and Raamses," the Pi of the former being the Coptic 

 article, and the Thorn the name of a God;^^ the latter being identical 

 with the dynastic name Rameses. The name of the god Thorn or 

 Thum occurs io the name Thummosis, made the same as Thothmosis 

 by Manetho.^* Now, no such name as either Thothmosis or Rameses 

 occurs before the so-called^° 18th dynasty of Manetho; and all the 

 kings bearing these names are found between the 18th and 20th dynas- 

 ties. The 18th dynasty is not only entirely different in character from 

 that which precedes it, a Shepherd line, but is represented as having 

 erected or at least greatly extended its empire upon the ruins of the 

 Shepherd power. The first of this new race, Araosis, also called 

 Thothmosis and Alisphrag, or Misphrag-muthosis, drove out the Shep- 

 herds.®^ After this Amosis, or Ahraes as he is generally called, are 



63 Diod. Sic. L. iii, e. 20. 



5* Historic Philippicae, L. xxxvi, c. 2. 



55 Tacitus Histor. L; v, c. 2. 



56 Exod. 1, 8. 



57 Exod. i, 11. 



58 Lepsius' Letters from Egypt, &c, ; Bohn, p. 448, note. 



59 Josephus Cont. Ap. i, sec. 14. 



60 There is no foundation, beyond the ingenious result of Manetlio's multiplying powers, 

 for anything like this number even of contemporary dynasties. There were no more than three 

 consecutive dynasties in Egypt from the beginning of sovereignty there till the Exodus of 

 Israel, a well marked period, when Proteus or Anarchy arose ; the first, of the old Menes or 

 Mencherian line, the second of the so-caUed Shepherds, and the third, which came of a line 

 that, descending from the first rulers of Egypt, had governed Upper Egypt contemporaneously 

 with the Shepherds, and that had streng^ihened itself by Assyrian or Asiatic alliances, until it 

 became strong enough to resume the dominion which its ancestors had lost. 



61 Josephus Cont. Ap. i, sec. 14, &e. 



