LANGUAGES OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY. 295 



•wMle the examples given of the presence of this root in the Indo- 

 European tongues are, with the exception of the Aeolic FastUy 

 destitute of the article, we find that prefix in the German Feste, 

 meaning strength and a strong place or fortress, whence comes our 

 ■English wordi fastness, a stronghold. It is also found in the languages 

 of India whether we regard the old form vastu or the modem, 

 Hindustani hasti, a village. The horse and his near relations seem 

 'Also to show even in some of the Semitic words which stand for 

 them, as well as in those of Indo-European tongues, traces of the 

 Coptic article. The wild ass is called in Hebrew ARAD, but 

 PERED in the same language denotes a mule. The first of these 

 gives the Sanscrit arvat, and the second the Dutch paard, or with 

 the article reduplicated, the German pferd, both meaning a horse. 

 The Arabic and Persian FAEAS, and the Hebrew PAK.ASH, the 

 name of the horse proper, look back to an older root E.AASH, 

 applied in several places in the book of Job to the actions of the 

 noble animal which the inspired writer so well describes,^" from 

 "which root the German Ross and our English horse may have been 

 derived. EIL, the Hebrew for foal is the ancestor of our English 

 iword, which might equally be derived from the Greek polos, the 

 Latin pullus or the Saxon fole. A word somewhat similar in sound 

 is ALEH, denoting leaf or foliage in the language of the Old Testa- 

 ment, and giving us the original of the Erse hilleog, the Greek 

 iphullon and the Latin folhim. Still another instance, making with 

 :the two last mentioned a threefold cord not easily broken, is that of 

 the HebreAV root YAAL, to be foolish, with the derived EVIL, a fool, 

 which, besides our English word, accounts for the Irish hille, and the 

 Welsh ffwl. Almost every one who has taken even a passing glance at 

 etymology is familiar with the widespread character of the root of 

 oiir English word wine. The Coptic for wine is erp, a double root, 

 doubtless allied to the Hebrew ARAB or GHARAB, to he sioeet or 

 agreeable, to the Persian sherah, loine, to our English word grape, 

 and to the German Rehe, the vine, and Trauhe, the grape. But the 

 most common root is that which the Hebrew gives as YAIN, a 

 woi'd almost identical with the Greek oinos, to which the Armenian 

 gini and the Welsh gwyn approach. The old Greek form f oinos is 

 .almost reproduced in the Irish and Gaelic fhion, that passes through 

 the Latin vinum into the German Wein, from which our eclectic 



»o Job xxxix., 20, 24 ; xli., 21. 



