yoo 



The National Geographic Magazine 



Coolies in the Himalaya INIountains 

 Bringing- Hay to Market. Photo by Rev. 

 T. S. Wynco'op, Allahabad. 



ever, still leads to his use in certain sec- 

 tions, for he can easily carry a ton at a 

 single trip and maintain a speed of about 

 four miles an hour in a climate in which 

 horses are comparatively useless. 



The method of conveyance by a pole 

 supported on the shoulders of men is 

 very common throughout India, and is 

 known as the "dandy." 



From India onward we find an increas- 

 ing use of man for the transportation of 

 both merchandise and people, due chiefly 

 to the cheapness of labor and the density 

 of population, which precludes the use 

 of land for producing food for animals. 



In Ceylon we get our first glimpse of 

 the jinricksha, which competes with the 

 famous trotting oxen of the island. The 

 trotting ox is trained to fast traveling, 

 and when attached to light carts and 



driven by experienced men makes a speed 

 which is quite marvelous. 



In Ceylon we also see for the first time 

 the peculiar boat with outriggers, which 

 is found in various forms among our 

 Samoan, Philippine, and Hawaiian neigh- 

 bors. The boat is very narrow, and is 

 steadied by the long outrigger, to which 

 is attached a pole, which rests on the sur- 

 face of the water. I well remember my 

 first experience in riding in one of these 

 narrow boats from the dock at Colombo 

 to the steamer lying oflf in the harbor, 

 and I must admit that I had a better opin- 

 ion of the boat and the boatman after 

 this practical test than I had before. 



Another type of boat in use in the 

 Philippines has double outriggers, one set 

 at each side. These boats are found in 

 the waters of practically all parts of the 

 Philippines and of our Pacific islands. 



On page 701 is an illustration of that 

 useful animal the carabao, or water buf- 

 falo, which forms so important a factor 

 in the agriculture and transportation of 

 the extreme Orient. Originating in 

 India, the carabao has been transported 

 westward as far as Eg)'pt and eastward 

 through the Malayan peninsula, China, 

 Indo-China, and the islands of the Indian 

 Archipelago. The number among the 

 oriental people is estimated at fully 20 

 millions, and you will find them in greater 

 or less numbers all the way from Egypt 

 to China. Costing about one-half as 

 much as an ordinary horse, they perform 

 all the services usually required of that 

 animal, and their extreme deliberation in 

 movement is compensated for in the fact 

 that they can endure the heat of the 

 tropics, while their fondness for water 

 and mud renders them especially useful 

 in the flooded rice fields and on the 

 muddy roads during the rainy season. 



They are used in every way that the 

 horse is used in the temperate zone ; at- 

 tached to sleds, to carts, to drays in the 

 cities, to carriages, and as saddle animals. 

 Their thick, brown skin, almost devoid 

 of hair, gives little heed to the whip, yet 

 they are docile, patient, friendly with the 



