64 I. C. Russell — Expedition to Mount St. Elias. 



of the glaciers during that interval can be cletennined/'^ At the 

 time of Malaspina's expedition, the Hubbard and Dalton glaciers 

 were united, and were probably also joined by some of the 

 neighboring glaciers which do not noAV reach tide-water; the 

 whole forming a confluent ice stream which occupied all of 

 Disenchantment bay northeast of Haenke island. 



A portion of the general map of the coast of southern Alaska, 

 showing the route followed by the Descitbierta and the Atrevicla, 

 and depicting the topography of the adjacent shores, has been 

 reproduced in plate 5. It will be noticed that on this map 

 Lituya bay is called " Pt. des Francais," while Dry bay is desig- 

 nated as " Bering's bay." These and other names Avere adopted 

 from the maps of La Perouse. A map of " Bahia de Monti," from 

 Malaspina's report, is reproduced in plate 6. 



An extract from Galiano's account of Malaspina's discoveries 

 in Yakutat and Disenchantment bays,t translated by Robert 

 Stein, of the U. S. Geological Survey, is here inserted, in order 

 that the reader may be able to form an independent judgment 

 of the value of the evidence just referred to as bearing on the 

 retreat of the glaciers :, , 



"An observatory was established on shore, and some absolute altitudes 

 were taken in order to furnish a basis for the reckoning of the watches ; 

 but the great concourse of Indians, their importunity and thievishness, 

 made it necessary to transfer all the instruments on board. Still the lati- ' 

 tude was determined, the watches were regulated, the number of oscilla- 

 tions made by the simple pendulum was observed, and the height of 

 Mount St. Elias was measured, being 6,507.6 varas [17,847 feet] above sea- 

 level. The launches being ready, put to sea on July 2 with the commander 

 of the expedition, in order to reconnoitre the channel promised by the 

 opening, similar to that depicted by Ferrer Maldonado in his voyage ; but 

 the small force of the tide noticed at the entrance, and the indications of 

 the natives, made it plain not only that the desired passage did not exist 

 there, but that the extent of the channel was very short ; which was also 

 rendered eAddent by the perpetual frost covering the inner west shore. 

 The launches anchored there, having penetrated into the channel with 

 great difficulty, the oars being clogged by the floating masses of snow ; 

 they measured a base, made some marks, gathered various objects and 

 stones for the naturalists, and, having reached the line of perpetual frost, 



* It must be remembered, however, that the map, plate 8, is not from 

 detailed surveys ; the portion referred to was sketched from a few stations 

 only and is much generalized. > 



tibid., pp. XCIV-CXVI. 



