178 /. C. Russell — E.qjcdition to Mount St. Ellas. 



from the northwestern slope of Mount Cook, which sends a vast 

 flood of ice and snow into the main drainage channeL Other 

 tributary glaciers descend the steep slopes of Mount Augusta 

 and Mount Malaspina, and a lesser tributary flows eastward 

 . from Dome pass. All of these ice-drainage lines converge toward 

 the narrow outlet of Camp 14 (plate 8) and discharge southward 

 down a moderately steep descent several miles in length. Below 

 Camp 14 there are other neve fields bordering the glacier, which 

 contribute no insignificant amount of ice and snow to its mass. 

 Between the extremity of the Hitchcock range and the Samovar 

 hills the path of the glacier is again contracted and greatly 

 broken as it descends to the plateau below. 



The ScAvard glacier, like all ice rivers of its class, has its neve 

 region above, and its ice region below. The limit between the 

 two is the lower margin of the summer snow, and occurs just 

 above the ice-fall between the southern extremity of the Hitch- 

 cock range and the Samovar hills. All the neve region is pure 

 white and without moraines, except at the immediate bases of 

 the most precipitous cliffs. At the bases of the Corwin cliff's, 

 which rise fully 2,000 feet above its border, no debris can be dis- 

 tinguished even in midsummer. An absence of moraines along 

 the base of Pinnacle pass cliffs was also noticed during our first 

 visit, but when we returned over the same route in September 

 the melting of the snow had revealed many large patches of dirt 

 and disintegrated rock. In several places near the bases of 

 steep cliffs, strata of dirty ice, containing many' stones, were ob- 

 served in deep crevasses. It was evident that vast quantities of 

 debris were sealed up in the ice along the borders of the glacier, 

 only to appear at the surface far down the stream where summer 

 melting exceeds the winter accumulation. 



The surface of the glacier below the lower fall is composed of 

 solid ice with blue arid white bands, and has broad moraines 

 along its borders. The course of the glacier, after entering the 

 great plateau of ice to which it is tributary, may be traced for 

 many miles by the bands of debris along its sides. These mo- 

 raines belong to the Malaspina glacier, and have already been 

 referred to. 



At the outlet of the upper amphitheatre, about 6 miles above 

 Mount Owen, there is an ice-fall which extends completely across 

 the glacier. Below the pinnacles and crevasses formed by this 

 fall the ice is recemented and flows on with a broad, gently de- 



