86 SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY NOTES. 
Order XIII. Batrachia.—Vertebree biconcave (Siren), proccelian (ana), or 
opisthoccelian (Pipa) : pleurapophyses short, straight. Two oceipital condyles and 
two vomerine bones, in most dentigerous: no scales or scutes. Larvz with gills, 
in most deciduous. Representatives of existing families or genera of true Batrachia 
have been found fossil, chiefly in tertiary and post-tertiary strata. Indications of 
a perennibranchiate batrachian had recently been detected by Prof. Owen, ina 
collection of minute Purbeck fossils. Anourous genera (Palwophrynus), allied to 
the toad, occurred in the @iningen tertiaries, and here also the remains of the 
gigantic Salamander (Andrias Schewzeri) were discovered. 
Summary of the above defined Orders. 
Province— VERTEBRATA. 
Class—H#MaTOCRYA. 
Sub-Class—REprTi.ia. 
Orders. 
I. Ganccephala. 
If. Labyrinthodontia. 
III. Ichthyopterygia. 
IV. Sauropterygia. 
VY. Anomodontia. 
VI. Pterosauria. 
VII. Thecodontia. 
VIII. Dinosauria. 
TX. Crocodilia. 
X. Lacertilia. 
XI. Ophidia. 
XII. Chelonia. 
XIII. Batrachia. 
NOTES ON JAPAN, BY LAWRENCE OLIPHANT, F.R,G.S8.- 
The following Notes are the results of personal observation during the recent 
mission of Lord Elgin to the Empire of Japan. 
The three ports of the Empire visited by the mission, aud which fell more 
immediately under our observation, were Nagasaki, situated in the Island 
of Kinsin; Simioda, a port opened by Commodore Perry on the Promontory 
of Idsa; and Yeddo, the eapital city of the Empire. Of these Nagasaki is the 
one with which we have been for the longest period familiar. In former times it 
was a fishing village situated in the Principality of Omura. It is now an imperial. 
demesne, and the most flourishing port in the Empire. It owes its origin to the 
establishment, at this advantageous point, of a Portuguese settlement in the year 
1569; and its prosperity, to the enlightened policy pursued by the Christian Prince 
of Omura, in whose territory it was situated. Its transference to the Crown property 
was the result of political intrigues on the part of the Portuguese settlers, in conse- 
quence of which the celebrated Tageo Sama included it among the Jands apper- 
