2 G4. G. Hubbard—Geographic Progress of Civilization. 
ing the greatest varieties of vegetal and animal life, the largest 
variety of the most beautiful birds and flowers, the most ferocious 
animals; both animal and vegetal life carried to the highest per- 
fection, save only in the case of man, for whose development a 
different zone has been required. 
When we look at the geographic distribution of man and 
observe that from the Arctic seas to the Antarctic ocean the world 
is inhabited by men of differing race, color, character and civ- 
ilization, we naturally ask, Are the Mongolian, the Polynesian, - 
the Negro, the Indian, and the Caucasian descended from one 
or from: many progenitors? We believe that there are facts 
sufficient to show that man may have originated in one place 
and migrated thence over the world. We have evidence of the 
the life of man during the Ice age in caves among the foot- 
hills of the mountains of France, where the bones of men and 
the remains of their food, nuts_and roots, with the bones of 
the cave bear, the woolly-haired rhinoceros, and other extinct 
animals have been found. As years rolled on and men multi- 
plied, they were compelled to wander in search of food: some to 
colder climates, where they dug holes in the earth in imitation 
of caves and covered them with the branches of trees and leaves ; 
- others emigrated to southeastern EHuyope and thence to western 
Asia, where finding neither caves nor trees, they built huts of 
stone and mud, and wandering still further into China they 
made houses of bamboo; still others migrated to the torrid zone 
and lived in the woods, the trees their only shelter. Wherever 
men wandered they were governed in the construction of their 
habitations and in their food by the climate, the materials at 
hand, and the vegetation. 
Some early men found their way to the gea-coast, where mol- 
lusks and fish served them for food. From the extent of the 
shell mounds in our country and the kitchen-middens of Scan- 
dinavia, these places must have been inhabited for many hun- 
dreds and some say thousands of years. In Europe the forests 
and running streams furnished game and fish, and there man 
lived by hunting and fishing. In eastern and central Asia the 
country is open, destitute of trees and running water, the land 
of the wild horse, goat and cow ; by slow degrees these animals 
were domesticated, and the nomads became: shepherds. ~The 
tribe remained the same, roaming from place to place in quest 
of game,and fish or of pasture, without any permanent abiding 
wrt? 
