12. G. G. Hubbard—Geographic Progress of Civilization. 
of all others. No other country possessed within such narrow 
limits so many different characteristics of humanity with such 
raried tastes, pursuits, and amusements. Fond of liberty, bold 
and adventurous, never acting together unless driven by the 
necessity of an alliance against a common foe, there were yet 
bonds of unity in the poems of Homer, in their religion, in their 
temples, and especially in their games. 
The gulfs of Corinth and Egina, now connected by a canal, 
divide Greece into parts, each antagonistic to the other: on the 
one side were the Dorians, represented by Sparta; on the other 
the Ionians, represented by Athens; the one an oligarchy, the 
other a democracy ; in the one tyranny of the state, in the other 
freedom of the family; in the one contempt for labor, in the 
other work honorable alike for all; war and hunting the sole 
occupation of the Spartans, commerce, the arts and sciences the 
pursuit of the Athenians. The government of Athens was at 
first democratic, a government of the people by families and 
tribes. Its life-and-death struggle with the Persians compelled 
the Athenians to build a navy and assume the leadership of 
Greece, and to change the form of government. If Greece had 
been defeated, her whole civilization would have been crushed 
by eastern despotism and neither her artistic nor her spiritual 
life would have been possible. Greece was the home of individ- 
ual freedom and democracy, of great philosophers, poets, archi- 
tects, sculptors, and painters. Though Greece and Athens fell, 
it was only to spread their influence and learning far and wide. 
To Greece we owe the separation of church and state—for it 
is the earliest nation of which we have any knowledge where 
the king and priest were not united in the same person,—the 
development of philosophy, literature and art, and the ideas of 
democracy and the personality of man. 
Rome. 
The geographic position of Italy, a neighbor of Greece, border- 
ing on Gaul and not far from Spain, dividing the Mediterranean 
into two distinct parts, was admirably adapted to make her 
capital in the middle of Italy—Rome—the center of the ancient 
world, its mistress. 
Rome had the genius of government; her rule was not that 
of a race, for she united a hundred different races in the state, 
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