20. G. G. Hubbard—Geographic Progress of Civilization. 
Athough the blood of many nations is mingled in the United 
States, we find the same peculiarities prevailing along the same 
parallels of latitude today that existed in the Old World and in | 
the colonies when the country was settled. The people of the 
north are more practical and more inventive than the people of 
the south. In the northern states, in 1891, one patent was issued 
to each 3,257 of the population, in the southern states one to 
every 11,181 of the population; in Connecticut one to every 965, 
in Mississippi one to every 23,447. 
Slavery was early introduced into the United States, but its 
increase was very slow until the cotton-gin was invented, when ~ 
the raising of cotton became profitable and the slave popula- 
tion necessary to the cultivation rapidly increased. It is im- 
possible to ascertain how many Negroes were imported into 
the United States between 1619, when the first cargo was 
landed at Jamestown, and 1808, when the trade ceased. By a 
count made prior to the Revolution the number of slaves was 
a little over 500,000. The first census, in 1792, showed 757,000 
colored, most of whom were slaves. In 1861 there were 4,440,000, 
of which 488,000 were free. Since the abolition of slavery the 
blacks have concentrated upon lands at once both hot and moist, 
in the middle of the Gulf states, and have increased more rapidly 
than the whites in the states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, 
Mississippi and Louisiana. The negroes have increased 70 per- 
cent, the whites 60 percent. 
Table showing the relative Increase of Negroes in the Gulf States. 
1860. | 1870. | 1880. 1890. 
Neproess ok aoe ane. 2,104,000 2,245,000 | 3,064,000 | 3,528,000 
MnTEES IG Sed eae alc eS 2,120,000 | 2,195,000 | 2,805,000 | 3,377,000 
: 4,224,000 | 4,440,000 | 5,869,000 | 6,905,000 
( 
Jamaica and San Domingo. 
A healthy climate, fertile soil, good harbors, and luxuriant 
vegetation, or even a large and prosperous white population, are 
not sufficient to ensure progress in civilization, Jamaica, the 
