Where the Whites fall before the Blacks. 21 
Queen of the Antilles, is one of the loveliest islands of the West 
Indies, with a tropical climate on the coast, in the interior high 
mountains with a temperate climate, a sea breeze by day and a 
land breeze by night stronger than are found elsewhere. 
In slavery times the sugar and coffee properties made the 
planters of Jamaica the richest men of England, and the white 
population steadily increased, while the deaths among the 
slaves exceeded the births, and the number was kept up only 
by the average annual importation of 9,000 slaves. The abo- 
lition of slavery caused the failure of the planters, the decrease 
of the white population, the abandonment of the greater part of 
the plantations and properties, and the rapid increase of the 
blacks. In 1861 there were 15,816 whites, 81,074 mixed, 346,376 
blacks; total, 441,266. The proportion was one white man to six 
mixed or mulattoes and twenty-four blacks; today it is one 
white man to four mixed and sixty blacks, the total popula- 
tion being 639,491. 
San Domingo is even more beautiful than Jamaica. It has a 
healthful chmate, high mountains, beautiful scenery, fine harbors, 
a fertile soil which repays with three harvests a year the labor 
of the husbandman. The first European settlements in Amer- 
ica were on this island, four hundred years ago. As the Indian 
proved incapable of enduring the hard labor imposed by the 
Spaniards, Las Casas introduced Negroes to save the life of the 
Indian. His efforts were unsuccessful, for the Indians, number- 
ing it is said 2,000,000 when the Spaniards landed, have all 
perished. The white manruled for nearly three hundred years ; 
vast fortunes were made; the returns from slave labor were so 
great that the carrying trade employed 1,400 vessels with crews 
of 50,000 men. 
About one hundred years ago the blacks of Haiti threw off 
the French yoke, murdered the white men, and established what 
they called a republic. San Domingo subsequently threw off 
the Spanish yoke and declared itself free and independent. The 
Spaniards were killed as the French had been. The white man 
perished even as the Indian perished, and all trade and pros- 
perity passed away. Since then both states have sunk into the 
deepest barbarism, and the people, three-fourths black and one- 
fourth mixed blood, are daily becoming more savage. Fetichism 
and cannibalism are here combined, and the people have fallen 
lower in the scale of civilization than the Negroes of Africa, 
