46 M. W. Harrington— Weather making. 
The association of weather making with the witches in Fin- 
land is familiar. Steele, in his “ Medieval Lore,” from Bartholo- 
mew Anglicus (about 1260), referring to the people in Finland, 
says: 
The men * * * occupy themselves with witchcraft, and so to men 
that sail by their coasts, and also to men that abide with them for default 
of wind; they prefer wind to sailing, and so they sell wind. They used 
to make a clue [skein] of thread, and they make divers knots to be knit 
therein, and then they command to draw out of the clue to three knots, 
more or less, as they will have the wind more soft or strong; and for 
their misbelief fiends move the air and arise strong tempests, or soft, as 
they draweth of the clue more or less knots; and sometimes they move 
the wind so strongly that the wretches that believe in such doings are 
drowned by the rightful doom of God. 
The elder bush is especially associated with weather making. 
The witches were thought to make bad weather by stirring water 
with branches of the elder. 
Still another remnant of ancient superstition is, according to 
Aubrey (1696), to the effect that ‘‘On Malvern hills, in Wor- 
cestershire, and thereabouts, when they farm their corn and want 
wind they cry ‘ Youle! youle! youle!’ to invite it, which word, 
no doubt, is a corruption of Aolus, the god of the winds” (Dr 
R. Fletcher). 
III. Prystcan Mrerxops. 
WEATHER MAKERS. 
What precedes relates to purely psychic methods of control- 
ling the weather or the elements. The collection which it pre- 
sents has been made in no spirit of disrespect, but solely in that 
of the collection and scientific comparison of facts. I have great 
respect for all sincere religious belief and great interest in folk- 
lore remnants—fragements of what have once been great psychic 
structures—ruins about the tombs of the ancients. What fol- 
lows is intensely jfin-de-siccle and treats of the paradoxer in a 
well-developed stage. The paradoxer deserves a respect to be 
measured by the sufficiency of his information and the correct- 
ness of his logic. He is a possible benefactor of the world, a 
potential great man. Galileo was a paradoxer—very unwel- 
come to the Aristotelians of his time. Kepler was a rank para- 
doxer to his contemporaries, and Newton was a paradoxer to 
the Cartesians of his day. 
