186 J. W. Redway—The First Landfall of Columbus. 
Now, if Samané must be dropped without discussion because 
it appears on a map on which Guanahani also appears, Watling 
island must also be dropped for the same reason, for it appears 
with Guanahani on the map of R. and I. Ottens, and on at least 
half a score of other maps, probably contemporaneous, that the 
author has examined in the British Museum. 
But at the risk of being “ruled out of court” myself, I shall 
attempt to show that not only can Samana be Guanahani and 
itself, but also that for one hundred years or more Samana was 
Guanahani and itself at the same time. In the first place, let us 
look at the map of la Cosa* (see plate 10). On this map it will 
be observed that the name Saman4 may apply to any one of 
three islands. It is about as near to Guanahani as either of the 
others, though it is hardly possible to decide upon which it is 
intended to apply. Incidentally it may be noted that the island 
which la Cosa marks Haiti is not the one at present bearing the 
name. That name, in fact, has been transferred to the island 
Columbus named la Espafiola. Moreover, the transference of 
names on early maps was by no means an uncommon thing. 
If Johann Schéner had not carelessly transferred the name 
“ Parias” from the Spanish main to Mexico, instead of putting 
the rightful “ Lariab ” there, it is doubtful if the northern part of 
the western continent would have been called America. An in- 
spection of a.very few maps of the sixteenth century will show 
that the transference and reduplication of names was made in a 
wholesale manner. 
The map of Herrera (see figure 1), upon which Messrs Major 
and Markham lay so much stress, furnishes but little evidence 
not found in the map of la Cosa, and although nearly one hun- 
dred years later, it is hardly more than a copy of the latter. The 
most notable difference is in the shape of Guanahani. ‘The east- 
and-west position by which the Admiral describes it and which 
it has on la Cosa’s chart has been changed to a north-and-south 
trend. Furthermore, it is no longer northeast of the island of. 
Someto, but almost due north. The island of Samana on the 
map of Herrera has the same distance and bearings from Someto 
that Guanahani has on the map of la Cosa. Just why Messrs 
Major and Markham place so much confidence in the map of 
* The critical part of this map has been traced by the author, copying 
not only the outlines as found, but inserting their names also, each in the 
place it occupies on the original. 
