148 National GeograjpTiic Magazine. 



affected by the degree of evaporation and by the frequency of 

 rainfall, and is now recognized as an important factor in the bio- 

 logic conditions of the sea. 



Of the three great oceans, the Atlantic, with a salinity of 3.69 

 per cent., shows a slight preponderance over that of the Pacific 

 and Indian Ocean, whose average salinity is 3.68 and 3.67, re- 

 spectively. 



In the trade belts the great evaporation augments the salinity, 

 and hence, also, the density, and in the polar zones the formation 

 of ice brings about the same result, though in a lesser degree. In 

 the equatorial calm region the frequent rainfall diminishes salin- 

 ity and density through the dilution of the salt water. Density 

 and salinity are thus in a certain degree subject to seasonal 

 changes. 



In the Atlantic the density increases in general from the higher 

 latitudes towards the equator, but the maxima are separated by a 

 zone of lesser density. The maximum in the North Atlantic 

 ocean is found between the Azores, the Canaries and the Cape 

 Verde Islands, and the minimum between the equator and 1 5" N. 



In the South Atlantic two maxima occur, one to the north of 

 Trinidad, and the other near St. Helena and between that island 

 and Ascension. 



Taking pure water at 4° C. for unity, the maximum density in 

 the Atlantic is 1.0275 and in the Pacific, 1.0270. 



In the North Pacific the maximum density occurs between 30° 

 and 31° N., and the minimum in about 7|° N., in the equatorial 

 counter current, where it was found as low as 1.02485. 



In the South Pacific, which has a slightly greater density than 

 the North Pacific, the maximum has been found in the vicinity 

 of the Society Islands. 



The density of the waters of the Indian Ocean is not yet as 

 well known as that of the Atlantic and Pacific, but the results 

 ascertained indicate a lesser density in its northern part, with a 

 maximum in the region between 20° and 36° S. and long. 60° to 

 80° E. 



In the vicinity of Java and Sumatra, probably on account of 

 the extreme humidity of the atmosphere and of frequent rainfall, 

 the density has been found as low as 1.0250. 



In regard to the density of the water at various depths, it has 

 been ascertained that as a general rule it decreases from the sur- 

 face down to about 1,000 fathoms, after which it increases again 



