F. R. Cowper Reed—Coastal Features, Co. Waterford. 19 
slipped material and rainwash, and overgrown with vegetation. But 
it is most suggestive of the source of the bedded materials in the cliff 
to find that the deposits, though somewhat irregular and impersistent, 
dip away from the valley-side towards the south or 8.8.E. at an 
average angle of 15°, and thin out rapidly in the same direction, 
thus agreeing with the present surface contour of the valley floor and 
with the top ‘of the cliffs. The following succession of beds can 
be best traced (in descending order) at a distance of about 30 yards 
from the northern corner of the bay, but they undergo considerable 
changes in character and thickness or even disappear when followed 
south, as noted below :— 
Feet. 
1) Soil, occasionally containing cockle-shells scattered irregularly or in 
ony : 5, 2 te) - 
patches, especially where the cliff is low at its southern end ... sabe Wall 
(2) Yellow loam or clay with a few subangular and rounded stones, thinning 
out northwards and becoming indistinguishable from the bed below, 
into which it also passes down... “ie uae 5% ae oe) oo 
(3) Dark brown stony loam (‘ head’}, sandy and with fewer stones near top, 
but mostly filled with angular fragments rather closely packed, from the 
size of a pea to 3 inches in leneth ; interstices filled with loam ; 
distinctly bedded, but varying in coarseness. Thickens northwards. 
Rests on irregular (? eroded) ‘surface of bed below. Continuous for 
whole length of cliffs sid : 3-4 
(4) Brownish Boulder-clay, mnbedded! aonirintate a ew ieee Anvmect or 
boulders. Thins out rapidly northwards, but increases rather suddenly 
in thickness southwards and then forms base and lower half of ereater 
part of cliffs ul . 1-20 
(5) Loamy clay containing few penider ab fo ater it passes imperceptibly 
up into No. 4, but in its lower part the stones (which are mostly 
subangular and of all sizes up to 8 inches in length) become more 
numerous, and are quite irregularly distributed irrespective of size, 
though sometimes obscurely arranged in parallel lines. At the base 
of the bed they are cemented together in places by iron oxide 
(‘ferricrete’). The whole bed is thickest where No. 4 is thinnest, 
and rapidly wedges out and disappears to the south below the typical 
Boulder-clay. A large lenticular mass of white sand is a PeneDiCHop 
feature in one place ab 0-15 
(6) Wedge- shaped bed of small, loosely pile. flat frasments of slate 
averaging + inch to 1 foot in size with rounded edges and arranged in 
definite Tay ers ; interstices filled with a little loam. Bed thins out 
rather rapidly to south and becomes inseparable from the base of No. 4, 
which there rests directly upon it. At its base there are a few large 
irregular blocks of Old Red Sandstone conglomerate, one measuring 
3 feet by Lect * 2: ee 0-3 
(7) White sandy loam passing deca Fate Pie. sellaye moctineeme sand 
without any pebbles or boulders. Sharply marked off from Nos.6and8 3-4 
(8) Coarse, sandy, and argillaceous gravel, oat of pee from Old 
Red Sandstone conglomerate ae bon 4 
The greater part of the cliffs, however, does not exhibit such a full 
and varied sequence of deposits, and in fact only consists of beds 4, 3, 
2, and 1, the southerly dip having carried the others (where they 
have not already thinned out) below the present beach-level. 
Comparing the full succession of beds with that described by Messrs. 
Wright & Muff as resting on the Cork pre-glacial terrace, we may 
fairly recognise in beds 8 and 7 the equivalent of their ‘raised beach 
gravel and sand’ and perhaps of the ‘blown sand’ of many of their 
