72 Prof. Garwood—Faunal Succession, Carboniferous Limestone. 
a limestone containing Cyrtima carbonaria (the locality whence the 
type-specimens figured by McCoy and Davidson were obtained), and 
it has already been shown that the bed containing Diphyphyllum 
pseudo-vermiculare underlies the megastoma bed on the west side of 
this outlier. It seems, therefore, practically certain that the Ashfell 
Sandstone, with its included limestones, represents the whole of the 
lower Seminula zone, and that the megastoma bed is represented by 
the very top of the Shap-Ravenstonedale limestone or the base of the 
Ashfell group. 
This fact is of great interest outside the question of local correlation 
of these northern exposures, as it shows that in the northern area we 
have a marked upheaval producing shallow-water conditions at the 
top of the Tournasian and base of the Viséan times, similar to that 
recorded from the south-west province, the Ingleborough district, and 
elsewhere, resulting possibly even in contemporaneous erosion in some 
places. 
With regard to the age of the lowest beds at Shap Abbey and 
Ravenstonedale, it is difficult to speak with certainty here. I was at 
first inclined to place the lowest beds at Ravenstonedale as low as 
Dr. Vaughan’s Cleistopora zone, on account of the occurrence of a flat 
encrusting coral resembling Cleistopora, but Dr. Vaughan informs me 
this is not his typical form, and as this may not be a Clezstopora I have 
taken Athyris glabristria and Spirifer aff. clathratus! as characteristic 
forms for these lower beds. The latter occurs throughout the lowest 
beds,” but is specially abundant at the base, the former being plentiful 
near the bottom of the Shap-Ravenstonedale Limestone, while this 
limestone, as stated above, is everywhere characterized by a fine 
Syringopora. As Spirifer aff. clathratus occurs throughout Z and 
K in the Bristol area, and as corals also occur, which, though badly 
preserved, appear to resemble Zaphrentis Phillipsii, I have provisionally 
assigned the lowest beds in the Ravenstonedale district to the Zaphrentis 
zone of the Avon district. 
The Shap Abbey Beds do not appear to include these lowest beds, 
and although they are rich in Athyris glabristria and also contain 
a species of Spirtferina and Modioliform lamellibranchs, they will 
probably not be found to represent beds much below the base of the 
C zone of Dr. Vaughan. 
The correlation of the higher beds in the table does not call for 
much comment here. The presence of Lonsdaleia floriformis and 
Petalaxis Portlocki at Humphrey Head together with Dibunophyllum 
aff. Y at Grange, shows, that the upper Dibynophylium beds are 
represented in the western extension of the district, and that a fault 
occupies the Kent estuary, bringing the lowest beds at Meathop against 
the highest beds at Grange. The same association of forms at 
Outscar, Bampton, and elsewhere, shows, that these upper beds are 
also present in the Shap district, and the beds below contain a typical 
lower Dibunophyllum fauna with Cyathophyllum Murchisonc and 
Alveolites septosus and characteristic Producti. 
1! Kindly determined for me by Dr. Vaughan. 
2 Lower Limestone Shales of the Government Map. 
