F, R. Cowper Reed—Fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds. 229 
limits of the formation in which it is typically developed, nor does 
faunal equivalency necessarily imply contemporaneity of formation. 
If we look upon the Bokkeveld fauna in this light we may regard 
the European Coblenzian elements as the late survivals of a migratory 
movement from the north, while the general facies is that of the 
American Middle Devonian modified by and incorporated with the 
special fauna of the Southern Ocean and with the local types of the 
South African region of the period. | 
DistRIBurion. 
In the construction of Katzer’s sketch-map (15, pp. 40-50) showing 
the general distribution of sea and land at the beginning of Middle 
Devonian times the distinctive characters of the faunas and of the 
rocks in which they occur have been utilised, and with the exception 
of Haug’s important discoveries in the Sahara there has been no new 
evidence to disturb the general outlines there shown for the southern 
hemisphere. In the case of the northern hemisphere Schuchert’s (27) 
work on the North American Devonian paleogeography and 
Lebedew’s (28) researches on the distribution of Devonian corals 
in Asiatic Russia and Europe may necessitate some modifications into 
which one need not here enter. In his map Katzer shows a great 
continental mass of land which he terms the ‘ Atlantic-Ethiopian 
continent,’ extending all over the North and Central Atlantic, 
covering a great part of North America and the whole of Africa, 
except the northern portion and the Cape. A great ‘Southern Ocean’ 
washes the southern shores of this continent, and on its eastern side 
this ocean is connected with the main European marine areas by an 
‘Indian Connecting Sea,’ or rather broad straits, reaching up from the 
present Indian Ocean across Arabia and Asia Minor, and thus linking 
up the Bosphorus fauna with that of the Cape. On the west side 
of the ‘ Atlantic-Ethiopian Continent’ a tract of water termed the 
‘Brazilian Connecting Sea’ stretches across South America to the 
‘Great Pacific Ocean,’ and this has a shallow bay invading Brazil, 
and a deeper bay cutting into the centre of the United States and 
forming the so-called ‘Appalachian Bay.’ It was in the ‘ Brazilian 
Sea’ that the South American Devonian beds accumulated. A great 
‘Southern Continent’ bounded this sea on the west, and extended 
across the South Pacific to New Zealand and north of it. Such is 
Katzer’s schematic restoration of land and sea areas in the southern 
hemisphere in connection with his study and comparison of the South 
American Devonian. In so far as it applies to the Bokkeveld fauna 
all the evidence available goes to support its main outlines. Haug’s 
discoveries in the Sahara may require a more direct connection of the 
Cape area with North Africa, and Central Africa is almost unknown 
geologically. The route by which the Coblenzian types of Western 
Europe found their way to the south and west is not so clear, as the 
‘ Atlantic-Kthiopian Continent’ would offer an insuperable barrier to 
a direct migration. Haug (32, p. 694) attacked the problems of paleo- 
geography from the consideration of the position of the geosynclinals, 
and was led likewise to place a great land barrier (the ‘ Africano- 
Brazilian Continent’) to the north of the sea in which the Devonian 
of South Africa and South America were deposited. But these views 
