272 Sir H, H. Howorth—North Norfolk Geology— 
The point I wish to insist upon is that this bed is not, as Mr. Reid 
argues, matched by similar beds at other horizons elsewhere, but is, on 
the contrary, a unique feature, and it marks most graphically for us 
the present upper limit of the chalk as it is seen in the cliffs and on 
the foreshore and marks also the base of the Crag. 
This hard saa is remarkable, as I have said, for containing in many 
places a large number of bivalves. Quite a large proportion of these 
are complete valves, and a large number again have both valves 
united, showing they are still in sit in the position of life. They are 
jammed in among the stones, and are most clearly, as Mr. Reid says, 
where they actually lived. This again shows how different in essence 
the bed is from the insular areas of flints on the foreshore, which 
contain no whole shells and very few fragmentary ones. 
It is perfectly plain, therefore, that since this bed was formed out of 
rolled materials, ete., and since it was lying at the bottom of the sea 
in @ quiescent condition (otherwise the shells would have been reduced 
to powder), the level of the hard pan with its underlying chalk has been 
entirely and forcibly altered. These shells could not clearly live at 
a height of nine or ten or more feet above high-water mark as they 
now occur in many places in the cliff, but must have lived below low- 
water mark where the so-called lamimarian zone of marie life is now 
found. The beds have clearly been thus dislocated in the latest 
geological period. 
In more than one paper on the recent dislocation of the chalk in 
the Eastern Counties published in the Gronoeican Macazine I have, 
in fact, pointed out how recent and how very potent this dislocation of 
the chalk has been. No evidence of the fact could be plainer than 
that to which I am now drawing attention. For a long distance from 
the cliff end at Weybourne, as far indeed as near Sheringham, the hard 
pan and chalk are now several feet above high-water mark. East of 
Sheringham the chalk with its covering, after sinking for a short 
distance, is again raised several feet above high-water mark. It 
then sinks down again to the level of the shingle, and can be traced 
along the foot of the cliffs to beyond West Runton. This level of the 
shingle, again, is several feet above the level of the laminarian zone, 
so it is quite plain that from the end of the cliff at Weybourne at least 
to West Runton the chalk and its covering have been raised many 
feet, or rather yards, since the shells contained in the hard pan were 
living, which means since the greatest part of the living mollusca 
existed in the adjoining sea. 
This, again, is quite plain from the outline and structure of the chalk 
beds below the hard pan. Their surfaces are in places meandering 
and not level, and in places they are arched up, as shown by the 
curved lines of the flints in the chalk, and as figured by Mr. Reid in 
his memoir. At intervals, where gaps occur in the cliffs, and their 
surface sinks down to that of the shingle beach, the chalk for a while 
disappears, as at Weybourne Mill, Hithe, ete. In these cases the 
chalk has either disappeared through a fold forming a synclinal dip, 
or from some disconnection and complete breach of a more violent 
kind. Apart from this the level of the chalk gradually sinks to a 
lower point as we move eastwards. East and west of Sheringham its 
