424 Reviews—Stanford’s Geography—Australian Geology. 
Geographical Structure and. Resources of Australia,” pp. 84-115, 
contains the geological map facing p. 104, and there is also a physical 
map facing p. 84, with a small map on p. 93 showing the main 
geographical divisions. Gregory considers that, with the exception of 
the east coast of Australia, the coasts as a rule have no intimate 
connection with the geological structure of the adjacent lands. The 
course of these coasts has been determined by great subsidences, 
which have formed the ocean basins round Australia, instead of by 
movements parallel to the shore. The great arm of the sea on the 
south coast, known as Spencer Gulf, has been formed by subsidence 
along two lines of fault, being in fact a rift-valley. This depression 
seems to be continued in the great central plain system terminating in 
the Gulf of Carpentaria on the north. 
There are, in fact, three very unequal and dissimilar areas con- 
stituting the Australian continent. Commencing from the eastward, 
the nee and by far the most interesting division is that of the East 
Australian highlands and its dependencies; this mountain-system’ 
roughly conforms to the east coast from Torres Strait. to Bass Strait, 
curving round to face the latter, where it constitutes the highlands. 
of Victoria. It is in the angle thus formed, in the extreme south-east 
of the continent, where the mountain-system attains its maximum 
development. On the seaward side of the East Australian highlands are 
areas of coastal plain, which in New South Wales are of considerable 
width, and usually contain the most important centres of population. 
On the landward side of the mountain-system, both in Queensland and 
New South Wales, the country gradually slopes towards the central 
depressed area, shooting off its surplus water either by the Murray 
system into the sea, or by interior drainage towards the Lake Eyre 
basin. The geological structure of these eastern highlands is complex, 
and bears but little resemblance to a typical mountain chain. There 
is a considerable mass of crystalline rock, described as Archeean and 
plutonic, in the northern part of the Queensland section, which is 
unassociated with any development of the older Palozoics, but has 
the sea on one side and rocks of Cretaceous age on the other. In 
the central portion of the highlands, between lat. 25° and 30° &., 
Archeean rocks are indicated which in some cases are flanked by the 
older Paleozoics, whilst in the south-east corner (New South Wales 
and Victoria) there are several masses of Archeean rock associated with 
a much larger development of the older Paleozoics. The most’ 
important display of Carboniferous rocks is to be found in the region 
lying between 20° and 35° S. lat. This subject had best be con- 
sidered under the separate Colonies. Patches of Triassic and Jurassic 
rock occur here and there, and there is a large development of 
Tertiary volcanics throughout this division, which appears to attain 
their widest extension in the Great Valley of Victoria. The entire 
mountain-system consists in a geographical sense of a series of 
plateaux, and Professor Gregory assures us that the highest summit in 
Australia, Mount Kosciusko (7,336 feet), is only a blunt hummock on 
the surface of a high plateau. These plateaux have been greatly 
dissected, so that the gorges are numerous and deep, and he further 
points out that the best-known mountains visible from the coast are 
