446 F. P. Mennell & E. C. Chubb— 
seems certain that the deposits as a whole represent the materials 
accumulated during alternating occupations of the original cavern by 
animals and human beings, with intervening periods when the cave 
was untenanted owing probably to flooding with water. The animal 
occupants were such as are found together in the Rhodesian caves of 
the present day, namely, hyenas and porcupines, no doubt accompanied 
by owls and bats. Some of the bones show signs of having been 
enawed by hyzenas, and there can be little doubt that many of them 
were dragged into the place when it served as a hyeena den. Most of 
the smaller bones are probably to be accounted for in a somewhat 
similar fashion, the rats, shrews, etc., having formed the prey of owls, 
and the bones having been ejected in the usual pellets after the birds 
had assimilated the more digestible portions of the bodies. An. 
examination of modern owl pellets entirely confirms this view, as. 
these latter show the same predominance of head and leg bones as do 
the washings of the Broken Hill deposit. As usual with mammalian 
remains, lower jaws are particularly prominent. Those parts of the 
deposit which contain implements no doubt owe their accumulation in - 
great part at least to human agency, the bones being relies of the food 
supply of the ancient inhabitants. It may at once be stated that the 
contemporaneity of the implements and bones is entirely beyond 
question. Masses of the deposit full of bones when disintegrated by 
soaking in water, are found to contain embedded implements. These 
latter are of a rude order and mostly made of quartz, owing of course 
to the absence of any more suitable material in the vicinity. There 
seems to be a strong prejudice in England against the genuineness of 
implements made of quartz, and it may therefore be well to emphasize 
the fact that some are made of chert brought from a distance, and it 
may also be well to point out that quartz is a very common material 
for Bushman implements, which the Broken Hill ones much resemble. 
Knives, scrapers, and grooved scrapers are the common types. Some 
of the bones show indications of having been cut previously to their 
mineralisation, as if to make implements, though no finished bone 
implements have so far been brought to light. One tibia of a moderate- 
sized ungulate in the Rhodesia Museum has had a nearly circular hole 
made in it prior to its replacement by zine salts. This may be 
attributed to a wound from an arrow of the Bushman type, or it may 
have been bored with a view to making an implement or ornament : 
in either case it must be due to human agericy. 
With regard to the age of the deposit, it must represent a long 
period of time in all, but it will be noted from the subjoined list that 
nearly all the bones appear to be referable without much doubt to 
recent species inhabiting the country at the present day. It is 
probable, however, that some may represent closely allied but really 
ancestral forms, and this certainly appears to be the case with the 
species of Diceros (rhinoceros) of which two well-preserved bones are 
mow in the Rhodesia Museum. It is unfortunate that we are not in 
possession of skulls or teeth of this animal, but we think there can be 
little doubt as to its being new, and it has therefore been thought well 
to give it a name for convenient future reference. 
The. mineral condition of the bones and the obvious changes in the. 
