F. R. Couper Reed—The Coast of Waterford. 501 
IV.—Nores on some Coastat Fratures In Co. WATERFORD. 
II. Woopstown to PassacE Hast. 
By F. R. Cowrrr Reep, M.A., F.G.S., etc. 
(* a previous occasion (Guot. Mac., Dec. V, Vol. IV, 1907, 
pp. 17-20) an account was given by the author of Fornaght 
Strand in the estuary of the River Suir; and the nature and 
development of the drift deposits further up the river may now be 
described. 
On the north side of Knockavelish Head (which bounds Fornaght 
Strand on the north), the coast from Ballyglan is bordered by low sand 
dunes for a distance of about a mile and a half, and there is no cliff or 
exposure of any solid rock, the old sea margin being apparently situated 
now some way inland behind an area of more or less marshy land at the 
back of the dunes. Traces of the former sea-cliff can, however, be 
recognised here and there by a sudden slight rise in the ground. 
A wide flat expanse of sand and mud, known as Woodstown Strand, 
is uncovered at low tide along this stretch of coast, extending out 
fully a mile from high-water mark, but so far no trace of the 
submerged forest of Fornaght has been here discovered. 
At the north end of the sand dunes a low cliff of drift commences, 
and increases gradually in height till it ends against the igneous rocks 
of Newtown Head in the interesting section given on p. 502. This 
drift cliff for its whole length to this point is composed of the ordinary 
Boulder-clay of the district, capped by a bed of sandy yellowish or 
whitish marl, 1-14 feet thick, free from included boulders, but not 
otherwise sharply marked off from the underlying Boulder-clay. 
Towards the southern end of this line of cliffs, the section is capped 
by a bed of recent drifted sand, 6 inches to 1 foot thick, passing up 
imperceptibly into the subsoil and soil, which is mixed with a little 
vegetable matter. Occasionally short bands or isolated patches of 
cockle-shells of fairly recent appearance occur in this bed at varying 
depths below the present surface of the ground. These accumulations 
of shells must be regarded as due to human agency, though probably 
of an early date. 
At Newtown Head itself, the cliff is 20-25 feet high, and the clayey 
bed on the top of the Boulder-clay is here replaced by a mass of clayey 
angular gravel or rubble devoid of bedding, but in places showing 
small lenses and bands of grey or yellow sand (E). The rock-fragments 
composing it are of various sizes, and not sorted or rounded, but angular, 
and of local origin. Probably we may regard this deposit as repre- 
senting the Upper Head, washed and redeposited by running water. 
Below this comes the Boulder-clay proper (D), with a thickness of 
about 12 feet, but it wedges out rapidly against the upward sloping 
‘surface of the underlying beds. There seems to be a greater number 
of included boulders in its upper part (though none are of large size), 
as if the clayey matrix had been to some extent washed out and 
carried away. 
Immediately beneath the Boulder-clay is a thin but fairly con- 
tinuous bed of light-coloured sand, varying from 2 inches to 1 foot in 
