F. R. Cowper Reed—Ooastal Features, Co. Waterford. 551 
cut away by recent erosion on this exposed bit of coast; but here and 
there for nearly a mile southwards, i.e., as far south as the cove 
named Cooneenclogher, traces of it may be met with. The Lower 
Head with the old beach-deposits below it are occasionally extremely 
well exposed in these spots. The patches of the beach-deposits 
measure from 1—23 feet in thickness, and consist of bedded shingle 
and sea-sand arranged in definite layers, well-rolled pebbles of the 
usual ellipsoidal shape in a matrix of fine sand forming the basal 
bed. The pebbles appear to be entirely of local origin, and are 
mostly rounded fragments from the Old Red conglomerates. A few 
such well-rounded pebbles can generally be found at the base of the 
coarse Lower Head in cases where definite beach-deposits are absent. 
The Lower Head itself is extremely coarse, and consists of huge 
blocks of the Old Red Sandstone series of the cliffs, mostly of 
irregular angular shape, but some with rounded corners. Tabular 
masses of the sandstones or flags, shapeless blocks of the conglomerates, 
with smaller fragments of the same, and a little fine red sand compose: 
the deposit, which frequently possesses a thickness of 12-14 feet. 
The large component blocks lie at all angles, and are often as much as 
3—4 feet long. 
The Boulder-clay which rests directly on this head contrasts 
strongly with it in colour, and the line of junction is clearly marked 
and fairly regular. In one place the head is well seen banked up 
against the pre-Glacial cliff, which is worn and rounded off at the top, 
as Messrs. Wright & Muff have noticed elsewhere. The Boulder- 
clay here overlaps the head and comes to rest directly on the solid 
rock, the head merely filling up the angle at the base of the cliff. 
It is remarkable that no disturbance of the loose materials of the head 
seems to have taken place when the Boulder-clay was deposited; the 
glaciation cannot have been intense at this point. 
Rathmoylan Cove. 
The section in this locality is chiefly interesting from the clear 
development and coarse nature of the Upper Head at the mouth of 
a small pre-Glacial valley. This valley runs down to Rathmoylan 
Cove, and is more or less filled with drift deposits. The present 
stream has cut down into them to some extent so as to form small 
cliffs 4—5 feet high along the lower part of. its course, but the rocky 
floor of the pre-Glacial valley must be sought at some depth below 
the modern beach-level where the stream now enters the sea. The 
cove is shut in on the east and west sides by walls of solid Old Red 
Sandstone, and is in reality the flooded lower end of the old valley, 
from the mouth of which marine erosion has removed the soft beds of 
drift which are now exposed only in the cliff forming the head of 
the cove. 
This cliff rises from nearly beach-level by the road leading down 
to the strand to the top of the bounding ridge on the west, giving 
a cross-section of one side of the valley. Small landslips, ratwash, 
and vegetation obscure the actual face of the upper part of the 
pre-Glacial slope, but the steeply-sloping rocky side is well seen 
