HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF GEANTICLINES 563 
and their more or less equal direction of movement, bring about 
considerable alterations in the broad outlines of the morphological 
structure. Zones of constant lithological characters will generally 
be separated near the surface by planes which are parallel to the 
geanticlinal axis. If these planes are more or less vertical, this 
will chiefly influence the distribution of the vertical longitudinal 
fractures and the longitudinal faults. If these planes are prin- 
cipally more or less horizontal, this will chiefly influence the dis- 
tribution of the faults along horizontal planes, but they will be of 
little importance for the major morphological structure and will 
here be left out of consideration. Whether these planes are nearly 
vertical or nearly horizontal, the lithological character is of little 
importance for the distribution of the transverse faults and frac- 
tures which strongly influence the morphology at the surface of 
the geanticline. Thus we find that the outline at the surface is 
mainly controlled by the direction and the rate of the crustal move- 
ments in so far as the transverse fractures are concerned. 
OLDER FOLDS CUT OFF BY THE PRESENT COAST LINE 
The surface and the deeper parts of moving geanticlines will 
generally not move in the same direction and at the same rate, 
because: 
1. The intensity and likewise the direction of the forces which 
cause the movement near the surface will generally be different 
from those which obtain at greater depth. 
2. The transmission of directed forces will decrease from the 
surface to the zones of higher plasticity at greater depth. 
If the forces which cause the movement are deep-seated, and 
the crust near the surface does not respond to the direct influence 
of the compressional or tensional stress, the displacements near 
the surface will be the result of the movement at greater depth. 
In forming a judgment on the genesis of fractures and folds this 
should be borne in mind. 
A result of the difference between the movements at greater 
depth and those near the surface is that, if at greater depth the 
movement has a horizontal component, those points which were 
originally on the same vertical line will in a later stage of evolution 
of the geanticline form an irregular curve, the form of which will 
