252 H. H. Howorth — The Mammoth and the Glacial Drift. 



more tusks had subsequently been found there (Trans. Geol. Soc, 

 Glasgow, vol. i. pt. 2, pp. 68-69). Some antlers of the Reindeer were 

 also found along with an Elephant's tusk at this quarry {id. p. 71). 



These remains were found in a clay containing, inter alia, Astarte 

 compressa and Lecla pygmoea, with eight genera and nine species of 

 Foraminifera, and five genera and ten species of Ostracoda, and also 

 a number of seeds of plants and fragments of beetles. The earlier 

 writers described this clay as Boulder-clay. Dr. Brj^ce, in 1864, 

 opened some pits at the place, and found that the beds in which the 

 remains occurred itnderlie the Till, and he put them on the same 

 horizon as the Forest Bed. Mr. Craig and Mr. Young, in 1869, 

 after a close examination of the district and the position of the beds 

 in regard to the Boulder-clay, satisfied themselves that the Mammoth 

 and shell-bed were pre-Glacial (see Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 

 vol. iii. p. 310). The officers of the Geological Survey in their com- 

 mentary on Sheet 22 describe the bed as inter-Glacial ; but after 

 sifting the evidence again, and writing in 1887, Mr. Craig says : 

 " I see no cause to change the conclusions arrived at in our joint 

 paper of 1869." Dr. Bryce's surmise that the fossiliferous bed may 

 be the equivalent in age of the Cromer Forest Bed is, in my opinion, 

 not far from being correct. Elsewhere he says he places the beds 

 at the very base of the Glacial deposits (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 

 vol. viii. pp. 213-228). 



According to Mr. J. Geikie, these remains " occurred in a peaty 

 layer between two thin beds of sand and gravel, overlaid by Till or 

 Boulder-clay, and resting directly on the sandstone rock of the quarry " 

 (Great Ice Age" p. 605). 



A horn of a Reindeer was also found in the basin of the Endrick, 

 in the parish of Kilmarnock, about four miles from Loch Lomond. 

 '' The section in which it occurred," says Sir A. Geikie, '• consisted 

 first of the vegetable mould, then of a stiff clay 12 feet thick, 

 containing a large quantity of stones, underneath which was a bed 

 of blue clay about 7 feet thick, at the loicer part of rohich, close upon 

 the underlying sandstone, the antler was found, and near it a number 

 of marine shells. The deposit was estimated to be about 100 to 

 103 feet above the sea-level " (Trans Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. i. 

 pt. 2, pp. 70, 71 ; see also Dr. Smith, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. n.s. 

 vol. vi. p. 105). 



The next locality where Mammoth remains occurred in Scotland 

 was during the excavation of the line of the Union Canal, between 

 Edinburgh and Falkirk. This was in 1820. A large mass of 

 Boulder-clay having been undermined fell into the cutting, and 

 among the earth was found a tusk measuring 39 inches in length. 

 It had lain about 15 or 20 feet from the surface. Mr. Bald, to 

 whom the discovery was reported, examined the place. He saj's it 

 was found from 15 to 20 feet from the surface. He did not actually 

 take it out of the clay, and only judges that it must have come out 

 of it from its excellent state of preservation (Wernerian Society, 

 vol. iv. p. 60). It has subsequently been described as having been 

 imbedded in the heart of the stiff clay. If it had been so, it can 



