254 H. R. Howorth — The Mammoth and the Glacial Drift. 



and Reindeer in Scotland, we shall find that in the majority of cases 

 they either have been found in beds below the Boulder-clay or in 

 that deposit itself. Those found in the Boulder-clay may have been 

 derived from the denudation of pre-Glacial beds. In the one or two 

 instances where the Mammoth has occurred in beds more recent 

 than the Till, they may still have been worked out of it. Bearing 

 on the pre-Glacial age of the Reindeer in Scotland, they refer to 

 a portion of the right antler of a Reindeer found in the Boulder- 

 clay at Raes Gill, Carluke, Lanarkshii'e. " The specimen bears 

 evident marks of transportation, its burr, browtyne, and other 

 extremities being worn and rounded, and the whole surface has 

 a smooth, polished, ice-scratched appearance, exactly like that v/e 

 meet with amongst the ice-worn stones of the Till. It was found in 

 Till several feet thick" {op. cit. pp. 310-320). 



Let us now turn to England. No remains of Pleistocene mammals 

 have occurred so far as I know in the counties of Northumberland, 

 Durham, Cumberland, or Westmoreland. 



Of the few cases of the discovery of Mammoth remains in 

 Lancashire and Cheshire, the only one, according to my friend 

 Prof. Dawkins, in which the relation of the deposit to the Boulder- 

 clay is clear, was the famous case of the discovery made by Mr. 

 Bloxsom in March, 1878, in digging a shaft for the new Victoria 

 Salt Co. near Northwich, of a fragment of a molar. It occurred at 

 a depth of Q6 feet in a bed of sand overlying the red Keuper marls, 

 and overlaid by 37 feet of brown Boulder-clay (Q.J.G.S. Feb. 1879, 

 pp. 140-141). 



If we turn to Yorkshire, the evidence is more abundant and more 

 conclusive. 



In a Memoir on the Moors, Mountains, and Sea-Coast of York- 

 shire, published by J. Phillips in 1853, he urged that the lowest 

 Hessle gravels, which rest upon Chalk, and are covered by Boulder- 

 clay, as well as the contents of Kirkdale cave, are pre-Glacial. 

 Writing in 1868, he says of this view about the Hessle gravels : " I 

 am still disposed to favour this opinion ; in the first place, there is no 

 proof that these beds are marine, but a strong presumption to the 

 contrary, from the considerable abundance of land Mammalia found 

 in them, especially Eleplias primigenius and Horse ; and secondly, 

 beds of this order composed of chalk and flint fragments, not only 

 are not known to occur in the midst of the Boulder-clay, but can 

 hardly be imagined to exist there ; and, thirdly, the Boulder-clay 

 rests on them without conformity (Q.J.G.S. vol. xxiv. p. 255). 



Phillips continued during half a century to be the advocate of the 

 Mammoth beds being older than the Drifts, and in the last edition 

 (1875) of his Geology of Yorkshire, in describing the ossiferous 

 marls of Bulbecks, near Market Weighton, shows that they lie 

 directly on the red marls ; and in regard to their relative age, he 

 says : " It appears to be proved, both by comparison with the 

 analogous deposits at Hessle and Bridlington, and by the super- 

 position of the ordinary diluvium in the south-eastern part of the 

 Vale of York, that the latest of these inundations {i.e. that which 



