W. F. Sume — Notes on Russian Geology. 391 



in every gully tte chalk is seen to form the walls. In one of these 

 the inevitable Belemnifella mucronata came to light. 



It would seem as though the Cretaceous beds were sweeping 

 round the Jurassic which bordered them on the W. side, and underlie 

 them at Izium, Kamenka, and Sviati Gori. They then skirt the 

 edge of the Permian district which contains the splendid Brians- 

 coe and Stupki salt mines. Two points of interest here attracted 

 attention, viz. that the alabaster hills stretching N. from Bachmut to 

 Stupki were covered with flints, and that the Chalk forms a sharply 

 marked escarpment stretching all along the left side of the railway 

 from Kramatorovka to Vierolubovka. The conclusion seems irre- 

 sistible, viz. that Chalk beds extended much farther to the S. over 

 the Permian area, the flints being evidence of the past denudation 

 and the escarpment evidence of that now proceeding. 



Further to the E. the Upper Cretaceous actually overlaps the 

 Carboniferous, and several coal-mines have been sunk through the 

 Chalk to the Carboniferous deposits below. As Murchison had long 

 ago remarked, the Chalk appears to occur in basins or pockets, 

 filling up spaces between highly inclined Carboniferous strata. 

 Thus he pointed out that an artesian well at Lugansk was made, 

 630 feet deep, Chalk being passed through all the time. At Uspensk 

 again, white chalk occurs, containing Inoc. Cuvieri, Lima semisulcata, 

 Ostrea vesicidaris, and Belemnitella mucronata, and possessing bands 

 of flints. The dip is N.N.E. He also mentions small tracts of 

 Greensand to the N. of Lugansk, rising from beneath the Chalk, 

 and loaded with Exogyrcs and Ostrea vesicularis. 



A remarkable case is presented by a boring recently carried out 

 near Bielaia, close to the junction of the Cretaceous and the 

 Carboniferous. About two-thirds of a mile from the station coal 

 is being worked in true Carboniferous strata ; at the station a bore 

 has been constructed which passes through 600 feet of Chalk Marl, 

 and below this through 200 feet of soft white chalk. At this point 

 the bore was stopped, and no definite opinion as to the junction of 

 the Cretaceous and Carboniferous can be stated. 



Passing in the direction of Lugansk, to the E., some little distance 

 along the railway, I noticed a very deep and well marked ravine. 

 Not far removed from this ravine was an exposure of greensand. 

 It appeared as though the great depth of Chalk at Bielaia might be 

 due to faulting, the direction of the fault-plane being coincident with 

 the ravine above-mentioned. 



To the E. the Cretaceous passes under Tertiary beds, and not 

 having been further in that direction, we must call attention to the 

 work by Prof. Golovkinski, on the geology of the Taurida Govern- 

 ment, as revealed by artesian borings. 



Some 70 m. to the N. of Melitopol, on the Azoff Sea, a bore has 

 been constructed at Oriechov, which shows the existence of the 

 Cretaceous directly overlying the Archaean at that point. At 

 Voskresenka, to the E. of this place, the Cretaceous ceases, and the 

 remains of the Archeean axis separates it from the shores of the Sea 

 of Azoff. This axis is not, however, complete to the N.W. a large 



