402 Sir E. E. Eoicorth— The Mammoth and the Glacial Drift. 



with this clay in Cheshire and Flintshire for four years, and have 

 therefore little hesitation in asserting that traces of it, in an un- 

 modified state, may be found at the entrances of both the Pont 

 Newydd and Cefn Caves, that in the interior of the Cefn Cave, for 

 a considerable distance from the entrance, there are indications of 

 this clay once having filled the cave nearly, if not quite, to the 

 roof, that in the interior of the Pont Newydd Cave it maintains its 

 unmodified character for a considerable distance from the entrance, 

 and that in no part of these two cases has this clay been modified 

 further than what may have resulted from the dropping of cal- 

 careous matter, from the temporary pounding back of water in the 

 recesses or hollows, or from accumulations within the caves under 

 conditions which may have differed from those without " (Q. J.G.S. 

 vol. xxxii. p. 92). 



Let us now turn to another case. 



The Cae-Grwyn Cave has acquired a great notoriety in this con- 

 troversy. The evidence it furnishes seems to me to be clear and 

 conclusive, that the Palaeolithic remains were there overlain by 

 glacial deposits at 135 feet from the entrance. As early as 1885, 

 sand, like true marine sand, was found overlying the Bone-bed and 

 laminated clays. This sand was examined in that year by Professor 

 Dawkins, who says, " I have carefully compared the sand and gravel 

 found in the upj^er cave Cae-Gwyn and mud sometimes adhering to 

 the bones with the glacial sand and gravel which occurs in the 

 ■valley a little way above, and find that in every particular they agree, 

 I have also compared them with the glacial sands and gravels near 

 St. Asaph and find that all three are composed in the main of quartz, 

 quartzites, and Silurian fragments" (Q. J.G.S. voh xliv. p. 562). 



In 1886 further excavations took place, and a section was exposed 

 in which the bone earth was found to be overlain by laminated clay, 

 sand, and gravel, this again by clay with boulders and bands of 

 sand and gravel and this by soil {id. p. 563). The various sedi- 

 ments in the cavern, says Dr. Hicks, retained their relative sequence 

 throughout and this sequence was continued uninterruptedly from 

 the cavei-n into the drift section on the outside (id. p. 566). 



In this reading of the evidence, Sir A. Geikie, Mr. De Ranee, 

 Mr. Tiddeman and Mr. C. Reid concurred. Mr. Morton says : In June 

 last during the progress of the excavation in front of the original 

 entrance to 'the Cae-Gwyn Cave I stayed at the inn close by for 

 eleven days. From the first time I saw the section I felt convinced 

 that all the beds were strictly in situ . . . The laminated clay had 

 evidently been tranquilly deposited over it (the bone earth), the sand 

 and graA'el were over the laminated clay, but current-bedded as such 

 so-called 'Middle sands' often are. Finally, the Boulder-clay oc- 

 curred over the sand and gravel without any evidence of disturbance 



or rearrangement whatever The Boulder-clay appeared to 



me as good an example of undisturbed clay as anywhere in the 

 Vale of Clwyd, Cheshire, or Lancashire, while the Erratics are very 

 similar ... if it were to be considered post-Glacial we should have 

 no Glacial deposits in the district . . . the remains of Mammalia 



