172 Dr. G. Baur—On Scaphognathus, Newton. 
the Pterosauria } which has been published. There are a few points. 
however, which appear to me to need correction or a fuller explanation, 
1. The “prefontals,’? Newton. 
When Mr. Newton had the great kindness to show me the 
specimen, which he had worked out with so much skill, I suggested 
to him that the bones called by him “ prefrontals ” (loc. cié. p. 505) 
were probably parts of the nasals only. It seems to me quite 
probable that this view is correct, and I give the following reasons: 
1. If the “ prefrontals,” Newton, represented these bones, they 
would have a position different from that in any other form of the 
Monocondylia, Haeckel, 1866 (Sauropsida, Huxley, 1869). They 
would be placed inside of the nasals. 
2. They would not form a part of the orbit, a condition found in 
all the Monocondylia in which a prefrontal is present. As we can 
hardly expect such a fundamental difference between the Pterosauria 
and the other reptiles, this view is very improbable. 
But Mr. Newton remarks, if the bones called prefrontal and 
nasal represent a single element, there will be no distinct prefrontal 
bones. In fact, the prefrontal is not free in the Pterosauria, exactly 
as in birds. The prefrontal probably forms the anterior and outer 
process of the frontals, contributing to the upper anterior border of 
the orbit, or it may be co-ossified with the lachrymal, as stated by Dr. 
Ginther. The processes of the frontal, which I am inclined to 
consider as prefrontals, are well represented in figs. 1, 2, 3 in Mr. 
Newton’s memoir. 
The figure given by Hallmann? represents the relations very well. 
The bones called “nasals” and ‘“‘prefrontals” by Mr. Newton 
therefore represent only one pair of bones, the nasals. 
2. The quadrato-jugal and jugal. 
The exact connection between these bones is now determined, by 
Mr. Newton’s studies, for the first time; but the peculiar resem- 
1 T use the name Prerosauria, which was introduced by Kaup in 1834 in the form 
“‘ Pterosaurii” (Kaup, J. J., ‘‘ Versuch einer Kintheilung der Saugethiere in 6 Stamme 
und der Reptilen in 6 Ordnungen,” Isis, 1834, p. 315. 
In the same year Carus established the group “ Alata”’ to contain Prerodactylus 
(Carus, Carl Gustav: Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Zootomie, 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 
1834, pt. i 25). 
In 1835 de Blainville called those reptiles the Pterodactylia (preoccupied by 
Latreille, 1825, for a ‘‘ family of Birds,” Ptercdactyli) (de Blainville, H., “ Descrip- 
tion de quelques espéces de Reptiles de la Californie, précédée de l’analyse du systeme 
général erpétologie et d’amphibiologie,’’ Nouv. Ann. du Musée, tome iv. p. 288, 
Paris, 1835). In the same paper the Ichthyosaurs are separated from the Plesiosaurs, 
under the names Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria. These names antedate the 
Ichthyopterygia and Sauropteryyia of Owen by twenty-five years. Ornithosaurt was 
used by Fitzinger in 1837 (Ann. Wien Mus. Naturg. 1837, vol. ii. p. 184), and 
adopted by Bonaparte in 1838 (Nuovi Annali delle Scienze naturali, Bologna, 1838, 
vol. i. pp. 891-397). In 1841 Owen gave the name Pterosauria (Brit. Assoc. Rep. 
(1840), London, 1841). 
> Hallmann, Eduard, ‘‘ Die vergleichende Osteologie des Schlafenbeins ”’ (Hanover, 
1837), pl. ii. fig. 4. 
