212 Robert Chalmers—Glaciation of E. Canada. 
which had large gathering grounds upon the higher parts of the 
country where snow fields and névé-ice must have existed. Whenever 
motion began this snow or névé-ice became converted into glacier-ice. 
Upon areas where they never underwent change into ice no striation 
of the rocks took place. In their movements the glaciers, generally 
speaking, followed the slopes of the land or the present drainage 
channels. Some of them seem to have been quite large, and those 
from adjacent drainage areas may have coalesced on the lower 
grounds and become confluent. At all events, the slopes and 
coastal tracts are usually more glaciated than the interior and 
higher grounds. 
In Nova Scotia there was a shedding of ice from the Cobequid 
Mountains northward and southward, and the South Mountain 
appears also to have sent glaciers down its slopes, on either side. 
Sir William Dawson, Dr. Honeyman, Mr. H. Fletcher, Dr. R. W. 
Ells, and others have made numerous observations showing many 
divergent courses of striae, which are explicable only on the theory 
of local glaciers and icebergs. 
The main water-shed of New Brunswick, which traverses the 
province from north-west to south-east, sent off glaciers in nearly 
opposite directions, or north-eastward towards the Baie des Chaleurs 
and Gulf of St. Lawrence on the northern slope, and south-east- 
ward towards the Bay of Fundy on the southern slope. ‘This is 
abundantly proved by data collected by the writer and others." 
Considerable areas in the interior of this province, where centres 
of dispersion for local glaciers existed, are unglaciated, no ice-action 
whatever nor Boulder-clay being seen, and the loose materials 
consisting largely of rock debris in situ. These were probably snow- 
fields and gathering grounds for the ice during the Glacial period. 
The glaciers on the southern slope appear to have been much larger 
than on the northern. But even upon the former they had numerous 
local and divergent movements, as the evidence shows. 
The Shickshock or Notre Dame Mountains in South-Hastern 
Quebec and their continuation south-westward had also large 
gathering grounds for snow and ice on their summits and shed 
glaciers south-eastward into the Baie des Chaleurs and the valleys of 
the Restigouche and St. John rivers, and north-westward into the 
St. Lawrence valley, the estuarine portion of which must then 
have been open to receive them.” The valleys of tributary rivers 
and the subordinate ridges and hills caused, however, many local 
deflections in the ice-currents. 
The glacial phenomena of the Archean area north of the St. 
Lawrence and great lakes have also been investigated to some 
extent. The general parallelism of the Laurentian slope, north of 
the St. Lawrence, to that of the Notre Dame Range, caused the striz 
observed on it to have nearly the same course as those on both 
slopes of the latter, the ice flowing down the slopes at about right 
1 Annual Report, Geol. Surv. Canada, 1885, vol. i. part GG. 
* Annual Report, Geol. Sury. Canada, 1886, parts I. and M. 
