284 Reviews—Neumayr—The Line of Descent of Animals. 
by Moseley and subsequent authors. Neumayr concludes that the 
great mass of the Paleozoic Tabulate Corals, distinguished as 
Favositide, Cheetetide and Heliolitidea, form a natural group, 
whose individual members are connected by intermediate forms. 
The relations between these T'abulate and the other leading groups 
of the Rugosa and the Hexacorallia cannot, in the present state of 
our knowledge, be determined. 
The descriptions given by Nicholson of the structure and relations 
of the Stromatoporoidea are adopted by Neumayr. The true position 
of the Graptolites is regarded as doubtful; whilst some of their 
structural features indicate relationship to certain Hydrozoa, others 
point to a connection with Bryozoa, and the possibility is not ex- 
cluded that they form an extinct group which has left no descendants. 
The Echinodermata are very fully treated, and the structural 
features which link together the members of each of its divisions are 
carefully traced. There are, however, no indications in the fossil 
forms of the kind of animal from which the class has been developed. 
The Cystoidea are considered to be the central group from which 
connecting threads of relationship run to the other orders. The 
Sea-urchins are connected through Cystocidaris, and the Sea-stars 
through Palgodiscus, with those Cystideans whose test is irregular, 
and consists of numerous plates; whilst the Cystideans, with a test 
of a small number of fairly regular plates, approach the Crinoids 
through Porocrinus and Hybocystites, and the Blastoids through 
Codonaster and Asteroblastus. The relation between the groups 
may be graphically represented thus: 
ae 
sahigis ac Ne 
. Cystidea 
Echinoidea ’\ Gana 
The Annelids or Worms, though so important a group zoologically 
in the consideration of the theory of descent, are but little adapted 
for preservation in the fossil state, and the traces they have left in 
the rocks throw scarcely any light on the characters of the early 
types. With regard to the genus Tentaculites, Neumayr states that 
probably it belongs to the Tubicola, and that there is not the 
slightest ground for ranging it with the Pteropoda. 
The last division treated in the present volume is the Brachiopoda, 
in which a new arrangement is proposed varying in many respects 
from that at present adopted. In this the two main divisions are 
named Heardines and Testicardines, corresponding generally to the 
Inarticulata and the Articulata. The Testicardines are subdivided 
into Eleuterobranchiata, without calcified free arm-supports, and 
Peematobranchiata, with free arm-supports. Forms in which the 
arm-supports consist of a loop, or of two free lamellz only, are 
grouped as Campylopegmata, and those in which the supports are 
the well-known conical spirals, as Helicopegmata. Whilst it is 
possible to indicate the descent-relationships between many of the 
members of each subdivision, there is much uncertainty as to the 
relationship between these groups, and forms like Aérypa and 
Reizia may prove to be nearer related to Rhynchonella and Wald- 
sss iuilins 
